{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T22:45:40Z","timestamp":1772577940957,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8-9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":101,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Digest Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010functioning gastrin\u2010producing neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) of the duodenum are rare gastrointestinal tumors without a clinical syndrome due to gastrin production. Their incidence has significantly increased as an incidental finding during endoscopic studies. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and prognostic factors of this emergent and infrequent neoplasm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a retrospective observational study based on the duodenal NENs samples with positive staining for gastrin at the Department of Pathology, University Hospital 12\u2010de\u2010Octubre (Madrid, Spain) between 2000 and 2017. Patients with clinically functional tumors ([Zollinger\u2013Ellison syndrome] or gastrin &gt;1000\u2009pg\/mL), with previously diagnosed multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome or synchronous neoplasia were excluded. Clinicopathological and therapeutic variables, follow\u2010up, recurrence, and mortality data were collected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In all, 21 patients were included. Most of the tumors were diagnosed incidentally as a single small polypoid lesion limited to mucosa\/submucosa and with a low histological grade. Four (19.0%) patients presented with metastatic involvement at diagnosis (lymphatic and\/or hepatic). These four patients also had a high or intermediate mitotic grade and infiltration further than submucosa. Local resection was applied in most cases as curative treatment. There were two cases of tumor recurrence and two tumor\u2010related\u00a0deaths with a 5\u2010year disease\u2010free survival of 81.0%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of these tumors were diagnosed at a localized stage and had a good prognosis with treatment. Nevertheless, given the potential metastatic risk, a close follow\u2010up is necessary, especially in those with aggressive pathological factors such as deep infiltration or high histological grade.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.13129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T08:58:35Z","timestamp":1664355515000},"page":"455-461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sporadic, non\u2010functional, gastrin\u2010producing duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: A retrospective study of an infrequent disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1904-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"de Jorge Huerta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n i\u00a0+\u00a012  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Solares Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n i\u00a0+\u00a012  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n i\u00a0+\u00a012  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Males Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n i\u00a0+\u00a012  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"de Ibarrola Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Pathology Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n i\u00a0+\u00a012  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"D\u00edaz\u2010Sim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n i\u00a0+\u00a012  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v12.i8.791"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21040\/eom\/2016.2.3.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.03.304"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000443168"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3770-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.4377"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0194-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2005.05.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"349","article-title":"Endocrinocarcinomas (carcinoids and their variants) of the duodenum. 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