{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:13:43Z","timestamp":1787681623831,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81401710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81401710"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Biotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is responsible for the majority of dermatophytosis. Current systemic and topical antifungals against dermatophytosis are often tedious and sometimes unsatisfactory. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a non\u2010invasive alternative suitable for the treatment of superficial fungal infections. This work investigated the photodynamic inactivation efficacy and effects of aloe\u2010emodin (AE), a natural photosensitizer (PS) against\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    microconidia\n                    <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and evaluated the treatment effects of AE\u2010mediated aPDT for\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010caused tinea corporis\n                    <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and tinea unguium\n                    <jats:italic>ex\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The photodynamic antimicrobial efficacy of AE on\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    microconidia was evaluated by MTT assay. The inhibition effect of AE\u2010mediated aPDT on growth of\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was studied. Intracellular location of AE, damage induced by AE\u2010mediated aPDT on cellular structure and surface of microconidia and generation of intracellular ROS were investigated by microscopy and flow cytometry. The therapeutic effects of AE\u2010mediated aPDT against dermatophytosis were assessed in\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010caused tinea corporis guinea pig model and tinea unguium\n                    <jats:italic>ex\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    model. AE\u2010mediated aPDT effectively inactivated\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    microconidia in a light energy dose\u2010dependent manner and exhibited strong inhibitory effect on growth of\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Microscope images indicated that AE is mainly targeted to the organelles and caused damage to the cytoplasm of microconidia after irradiation through generation of abundant intracellular ROS. AE\u2010mediated aPDT demonstrated effective therapeutic effects for\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010caused tinea corporis on guinea pig model and tinea unguium in\n                    <jats:italic>ex\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    model. The results obtained suggest that AE is a potential PS for the photodynamic treatment of dermatophytosis caused by\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but its permeability in skin and nails needs to be improved.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T10:44:54Z","timestamp":1624531494000},"page":"499-512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Aloe\u2010emodin\u2010mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against dermatophytosis caused by\n                    <i>Trichophyton rubrum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wenpeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogenic Microbiology &amp; Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center 76 West 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