{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T08:28:28Z","timestamp":1784363308024,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1803236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1803236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Biotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Exosomes, membrane vesicles released extracellularly from cells, contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and other components, allowing the transfer of material information between cells. Recent studies reported the role of exosomes in pathogenic microbial infection and host immune mechanisms.\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010invasive bodies can survive in host cells for a long time and cause chronic infection, which causes tissue damage. Whether exosomes are involved in host anti\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    congenital immune responses has not been reported. Here, we extracted and identified exosomes secreted by\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    M5 (Exo\u2010M5)\u2010infected macrophages, and performed in vivo and in vitro studies to examine the effects of exosomes carrying antigen on the polarization of macrophages and immune activation. Exo\u2010M5 promoted the polarization of M1 macrophages, which induced the significant secretion of M1 cytokines (tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 and interferon\u2010\u03b3) through NF\u2010\u03baB signalling pathways and inhibited the secretion of M2 cytokines (IL\u201010), thereby inhibiting the intracellular survival of\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Exo\u2010M5 activated innate immunity and promoted the release of IgG2a antibodies that protected mice from\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and reduced the parasitaemia of\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the spleen. Furthermore, Exo\u2010M5 contained\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigen components, including Omp31 and OmpA. These results demonstrated that exosomes have an important role in immune responses against\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which might help elucidate the mechanisms of host immunity against\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and aid the search for\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    biomarkers and the development of new vaccine candidates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T06:35:47Z","timestamp":1684737347000},"page":"1524-1535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exosomes released by\n                    <i>Brucella<\/i>\n                    \u2010infected macrophages inhibit the intracellular survival of\n                    <i>Brucella<\/i>\n                    by promoting the polarization of\n                    <scp>M1<\/scp>\n                    macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5320-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueli","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honghuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihai","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention  Urumqi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongchen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangfu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01796-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2012.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.07.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12923"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.1.24-34.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"NF\u2010\u03baB and phosphatidylinositol 3\u2010kinase activity mediates the HCMV\u2010induced atypical M1\/M2 polarization of monocytes","volume":"4","author":"Gary 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