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A summary table highlights the superior efficiencies of a whole array of microbes compared to conventionally farmed animals and insects, converting nitrogen and organics to food and feed. Aiming at the most resource\u2010efficient class of microbial proteins, deploying the power of open microbial communities, coined here as \u2018symbiotic microbiomes\u2019 is promising. For instance, a production train of interest is to develop rumen\u2010inspired technologies to upgrade fibre\u2010rich substrates, increasingly available as residues from emerging bioeconomy initiatives. Such advancements offer promising perspectives, as currently only 5%\u201325% of the available cellulose is recovered by ruminant livestock systems. While safely producing food and feed with open cultures has a long\u2010standing tradition, novel symbiotic fermentation routes are currently facing much higher market entrance barriers compared to axenic fermentation. Our global society is at a pivotal juncture, requiring a shift towards food production systems that not only embrace the environmental and economic sustainability but also uphold ethical standards. In this context, we propose to re\u2010examine the place of spontaneous or natural microbial consortia for safe future food and feed biotech developments, and advocate for intelligent regulatory practices. We stress that reconsidering symbiotic microbiomes is key to achieve sustainable development goals and defend the need for microbial biotechnology literacy education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T06:15:51Z","timestamp":1710137751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ruminations on sustainable and safe food: Championing for open symbiotic cultures ensuring resource efficiency, eco\u2010sustainability and affordability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6094-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo","family":"Javourez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TBI, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7232-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Matassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering University of Naples Federico II  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2596-8857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegfried E.","family":"Vlaeminck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Science University of Antwerp  Antwerpen Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy","family":"Verstraete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University  Gent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2022.102707"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520940468"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2022.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2017.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","isbn-type":"print","volume-title":"Animal agriculture and global food supply (R135, 92p)","author":"Council for Agricultural Science","year":"1999","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/1887383174"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","volume-title":"Cultivated meat, state of the industry report","author":"Crosser N.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13575"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.10073"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17812-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","volume-title":"Fossils, fertilizers, and false solutions: how laundering fossil fuels in agrochemicals puts the climate and the planet at risk","author":"Drugmand D.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/cagri\/2023016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7747"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00796-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0290(20000320)67:6<748::AID-BIT13>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-11909-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0465-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-013-9339-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-022-00609-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.202100095"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","volume-title":"Climate change and land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security and greenhouse Gasfluxesin terrestrial ecosystems","author":"IPCC","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2021.107857"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javourez U. 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