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Currently, anti\u2010bacterial vaccines are designed using methods based on reverse vaccinology. These identify broadly conserved, immunogenic proteins using a combination of genomic and high\u2010throughput laboratory data. While this approach has successfully generated multiple rationally designed formulations that show promising immunogenicity in animal models, few have been licensed. The difficulty of inducing protective immunity in humans with such vaccines mirrors the ability of many bacteria to recolonise individuals despite recognition by natural polyvalent antibody repertoires. As bacteria express too many antigens to evade all adaptive immune responses through mutation, they must instead inhibit the efficacy of such host defences through expressing surface structures that interface with the immune system. Therefore, \u2018immune interface interference\u2019 (I3) vaccines that target these features should synergistically directly target bacteria and prevent them from inhibiting responses to other surface antigens. This approach may help us understand the efficacy of the two recently introduced immunisations against serotype B meningococci, which both target the Factor H\u2010binding protein (fHbp) that inhibits complement deposition on the bacterial surface. Therefore, I3 vaccine designs may help overcome the current challenges of developing protein\u2010based vaccines to prevent bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T12:24:58Z","timestamp":1711542298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Immune interface interference vaccines: An evolution\u2010informed approach to anti\u2010bacterial vaccine design"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-8768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Croucher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.832254"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.62.081307.162832"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.15.7843"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00303-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30359-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001421"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00352-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.04.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M114.044677"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.37015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.201991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"CDC. 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