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It is often assumed that those bacteria that escape phage infection have mutated or utilized phage\u2010defence systems; however, another possibility is that a subpopulation forms the dormant persister state in a manner similar to that demonstrated for bacterial cells undergoing nutritive, oxidative, and antibiotic stress. Persister cells do not undergo mutation and survive lethal conditions by ceasing growth transiently. Slower growth and dormancy play a key physiological role as they allow host phage defence systems more time to clear the phage infection. Here, we investigated how bacteria survive lytic phage infection by isolating surviving cells from the plaques of T2, T4, and lambda (cI mutant) virulent phages and sequencing their genomes. We found that bacteria in plaques can escape phage attack both by mutation (i.e. become resistant) and without mutation (i.e. become persistent). Specifically, whereas T4\u2010resistant and lambda\u2010resistant bacteria with over a 100,000\u2010fold less sensitivity were isolated from plaques with obvious genetic mutations (e.g. causing mucoidy), cells were also found after T2 infection that undergo no significant mutation, retain wild\u2010type phage sensitivity, and survive lethal doses of antibiotics. Corroborating this, adding T2 phage to persister cells resulted in 137,000\u2010fold more survival compared to that of addition to exponentially growing cells. Furthermore, our results seem general in that phage treatments with\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    also generated persister cells\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Hence, along with resistant strains, bacteria also form persister cells during phage infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T10:58:18Z","timestamp":1722682698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Phages produce persisters"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Microbiology Translational and Multidisciplinary (MicroTM)\u2010Research Institute Biomedical A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC) and Microbiology Department of Hospital A Coru\u00f1a (CHUAC) University of A Coru\u00f1a (UDC)  A Coru\u00f1a Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Kirigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Huelgas\u2010M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine National Autonomous University of Mexico  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7435-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Benedik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Translational and Multidisciplinary (MicroTM)\u2010Research Institute Biomedical A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC) and Microbiology Department of Hospital A Coru\u00f1a (CHUAC) University of A Coru\u00f1a (UDC)  A Coru\u00f1a Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine National Autonomous University of Mexico  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas K.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Pennsylvania 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