{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:46:46Z","timestamp":1773816406665,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/M002403\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/M002403\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Biotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The COVID\u201019 pandemic has caused unparalleled impacts on global social dynamics, healthcare systems and economies, highlighting the urgent need for effective interventions to address current challenges and future pandemic preparedness. This study introduces a novel virus neutralisation platform based on SimCells (~1\u2009\u03bcm) and mini\u2010SimCells (100\u2013200\u2009nm), which are chromosome\u2010free and non\u2010replicating bacteria from an LPS\u2010free\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    strain (ClearColi). SimCells and mini\u2010SimCells were engineered to display nanobodies on their surface, specifically targeting the receptor\u2010binding domain (RBD) of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein \u2013 a critical immunogenic fragment essential for viral entry into host cells. It was demonstrated that nanobody\u2010expressing SimCells achieved over 90% blocking efficiency against synthesised RBD from both the original Wuhan and the B.1.351 (Beta) variant using competitive enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. More importantly, live virus neutralisation assays demonstrated that NB6 nanobody\u2010presenting mini\u2010SimCells effectively neutralised the live SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Victoria variant with an IC50 of 2.95\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009\u00b1\u20091.40\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    mini\u2010SimCells\/mL. Similarly, VE nanobody\u2010presenting mini\u2010SimCells effectively neutralised the B.1.351 (Beta) variant of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 virus with an IC50 of 5.68\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009\u00b1\u20099.94\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    mini\u2010SimCells\/mL. The mini\u2010SimCells successfully protected Vero cells, a cell line derived from the kidney of an African green monkey, from infection by the live virus of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and its variants. These results suggest that SimCell\u2010based neutralisation offers a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, and potentially other viral infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T18:39:46Z","timestamp":1741718386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Engineering Genome\u2010Free Bacterial Cells for Effective\n                    <scp>SARS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>COV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 Neutralisation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yutong","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford  Oxford 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