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However, due to the poor structural stability, the dissociation of heme, weak oxygen transport efficiency, and lower activity, the utilisation of rHb is severely limited in artificial oxygen carriers. Herein, based on the novel developed high\u2010throughput screening strategies and semi\u2010rational design, the engineered rHb mutant with strong stability and heme\u2010binding ability was obtained. In addition, through the homology alignment and rational design, the oxygen transport capacity of rHb was significantly enhanced. Furthermore, the bottlenecks of heme supply were overcome by applying the fine\u2010tuned heme synthesis in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Finally, the robust and high\u2010activity rHb mutant was synthesised and can be used as a new generation of artificial oxygen carriers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T12:05:16Z","timestamp":1741781116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Precise Engineering and Efficient Biosynthesis of Robust and High\u2010Activity Human Haemoglobin for Artificial Oxygen Carriers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University  Wuxi Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University  Wuxi Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology 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