{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:26:28Z","timestamp":1784564788101,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102022NR067354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102022NR067354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000337717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000337717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Biotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The continued increase in atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations has intensified global efforts to develop sustainable biotechnologies that capture and reutilise carbon rather than releasing it. While photosynthetic microorganisms provide a renewable route for CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    fixation into organic products, heterotrophic fermentation remains the industrial standard due to its high productivity, controllability and scalability. Consequently, integrating the carbon efficiency of autotrophic processes with the productivity of heterotrophic systems may represent a promising strategy toward circular biomanufacturing. Here, we developed a gas\u2010linked co\u2010culture system designed to spatially separate heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolisms while enabling gas\u2010phase CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exchange between them. This configuration allowed CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    released during heterotrophic metabolism to be reutilised in autotrophic metabolism, supporting cooperative carbon cycling. Compared to non\u2010linked controls, the gas\u2010linked system enhanced biomass accumulation and nearly doubled the production of value\u2010added metabolites\u2014namely polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and carotenoids\u2014while reducing net CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions by 20.62%. Although further optimisation is necessary to approach a fully net\u2010zero process, this study demonstrates that gas\u2010phase integration of trophically distinct cultures offers a promising platform for circular carbon biorefineries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T09:09:14Z","timestamp":1766221754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gas\u2010Phase Integration of Trophically Distinct Microbial Cultures for Net\u2010Reduced\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    and Enhanced Metabolite Production"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2140-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danbee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center Korea Institute of Energy Research  Gwangju Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiye","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center Korea Institute of Energy Research  Gwangju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui 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Clean Energy Research Center Korea Institute of Energy Research  Gwangju Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Jeju Global Research Center Korea Institute of Energy Research  Jeju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunsung","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering &amp; Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research Center Texas A&amp;M University  Stephenville Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Hyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public CMO for Microbial\u2010Based Vaccine  Hwasun\u2010gun Jeollanam\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6237-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Youn","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center Korea Institute of Energy Research 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