{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:46:49Z","timestamp":1782452809188,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Biotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Although veterinary vaccines against West Nile virus (WNV) have been developed, no approved human vaccine is currently available, highlighting the need for scalable and safer WNV vaccine candidates. In this study, a recombinant WNV subunit nanoparticle vaccine was developed by displaying the envelope protein domain III (ED3) on a cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) pentameric scaffold. The resulting recombinant protein comprising CTB\u2010ED3 was expressed predominantly as soluble nanoparticles in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Immunized mice produced strong humoral responses with balanced IgG1\/IgG2a ratios, and some constructs achieved neutralizing titres comparable to those elicited by formalin\u2010inactivated WNV. Importantly, no cross\u2010reactivity with other flaviviruses was observed, alleviating potential concerns about ADE. These findings demonstrate that CTB\u2010ED3 is assembled into multimeric nanoparticles in bacteria, offering a cost\u2010effective, scalable, and biosafe platform for developing subunit nanoparticle vaccines against WNV and potentially other flaviviruses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:21:52Z","timestamp":1780546912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Modular Design of a Cholera Toxin B Subunit\u2010Scaffolded Sub\u2010Virion Nanoparticle Vaccine Against West Nile Virus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hyun","family":"Byun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science Yonsei University  Seoul South\u00a0Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5638-6202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology Yonsei University  Incheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemin","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Yonsei University  Seoul South\u00a0Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung\u2010Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Acute Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency  Cheongju South\u00a0Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang\u2010Mu","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Acute Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency  Cheongju South\u00a0Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin Hae","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology Yonsei University  Incheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanul","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology Yonsei University  Incheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dah Hyun","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology Yonsei University  Incheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomaterials Science and Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doda","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology Yonsei University  Incheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxdigm Co., Ltd.  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