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However, this capacity has been demonstrated primarily using only a few model fungal strains. Diverse fungal communities are known to inhabit pyrite\u2010rich mine tailings but how these indigenous fungi may mediate pyrite oxidation and by what mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, we isolated 51 pyrite\u2010oxidizing fungal strains spanning 28 genera from three mine tailings areas in South China. From this native library, we selected three potent pyrite oxidisers,\n                    <jats:italic>Pithomyces cynodontis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DC37,\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium janthinellum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ZJS52, and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    DBS124, for in\u2010depth mechanistic characterisation. These indigenous strains solubilised 1.2%\u20131.8% of the total iron from pyrite in fungus\u2010pyrite co\u2010culture systems, exceeding values reported for model fungi under comparable conditions. They also acidified the medium to a pH as low as 2.15, providing dual lines of evidence for their robust oxidative capacity. Further analyses revealed distinct surface erosion features and changes in iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) speciation, confirming fungal\u2010mediated pyrite oxidation. All three strains secreted organic acids (e.g., oxalic and citric acids) and showed peroxidase activity, but they exhibited divergent patterns. By combining hybrid genome sequencing (Illumina and Nanopore) with time\u2010course transcriptomics, we uncovered the genetic basis for these divergent patterns. Genes coding for lignin and manganese peroxidases in\n                    <jats:italic>P. cynodontis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DC37 were co\u2010induced by reactive oxygen species and metal ions released during pyrite oxidation. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    DBS124 employed an oxalic\u2010acid\u2010based mechanism upon pyrite exposure, driven by coordinated upregulation of central carbon metabolism and oxalate biosynthesis. Collectively, our findings highlight the underexplored biotechnological potential of mine\u2010tailings fungi and establish a molecular foundation for understanding their roles in Fe\u2010 and S\u2010cycling within mining environments and for developing fungal\u2010mediated bioleaching technologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T08:07:37Z","timestamp":1786003657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insights Into Divergent Mechanisms of Pyrite Oxidation by Indigenous Fungi From Mine Tailings"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2494-9777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu\u2010xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences South China Normal University  Guangzhou P.R. 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