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In this study, two filamentous fungi,\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizopus delemar<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were co\u2010cultured to valorise food waste through production of fungal materials with enhanced mechanical properties owing to chitin\u2010rich biomass of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and chitin\u2010chitosan\u2010rich biomass of\n                    <jats:italic>R. delemar<\/jats:italic>\n                    . After confirming symbiotic growth on solid media and in submerged semi\u2010synthetic media, the system was applied to a complex medium prepared from bread and lemon waste. Cultivation was scaled up to a 4.5\u2009L bubble\u2010column bioreactor. The harvested biomass was tanned with chestnut tannin and processed into materials using wet\u2010laid method. Symbiotic growth was verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and visually via optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Unlike the pelletised morphology typical of\n                    <jats:italic>A. oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the co\u2010culture produced dispersed mycelium favouring material formation. Co\u2010cultures yielded higher ethanol concentrations (12\u201314\u2009g\/L), with biomass yields exceeding those of\n                    <jats:italic>R. delemar<\/jats:italic>\n                    (~0.2\u2009g\/g) and comparable to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (~0.3\u2009g\/g) monocultures. The highest tensile strength and elongation achieved were 11.7\u2009MPa and 8% respectively. Overall, this work establishes fungal\u2010fungal co\u2010culture as a transformative approach for producing hybrid biomass for fungal\u2010based leather alternatives.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T06:15:34Z","timestamp":1786169734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hybrid Biomass From Co\u2010Culturing Filamentous Fungi on Food Waste for Alternative Leather Material Production"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5897-5535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. R. Kanishka B.","family":"Wijayarathna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery University of Bor\u00e5s  Bor\u00e5s Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8785-2025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Mattsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2757-9273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory  Solna Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6280-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Mahboubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery University of Bor\u00e5s  Bor\u00e5s Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4066-2776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per\u2010Olof","family":"Syr\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory  Solna Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minna","family":"Hakkarainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8544-1432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akram","family":"Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery University of Bor\u00e5s  Bor\u00e5s Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Chapter\u00a021\u2014Phenols","author":"Aldred E. 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