{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:02:38Z","timestamp":1783641758193,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]],"date-time":"2015-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr. TMA PAI Endowment Chair"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with involvement of the neurovascular and muscular system. Peripheral neuropathy (PN<\/jats:styled-content>) is thought to be the principal cause of foot complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM<\/jats:styled-content>). However, foot evaluation using ultrasonography early in the course of diabetes has not gained due importance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the thickness of intrinsic foot muscles, plantar skin, plantar fascia, and plantar fat pad in T2DM<\/jats:styled-content> subjects with and without PN<\/jats:styled-content> using musculoskeletal ultrasonography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>This study was conducted in 30 T2DM subjects with and without PN<\/jats:styled-content> and 30 age\u2010matched non\u2010diabetes mellitus (NDM<\/jats:styled-content>) subjects. After detailed clinical evaluation, high\u2010frequency musculoskeletal ultrasonography was used to measure the thickness of the intrinsic foot muscles and plantar tissue thickness under the metatarsals. Data were analyzed using independent t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests to compare T2DM<\/jats:styled-content> groups with NDM<\/jats:styled-content> subjects, and one\u2010way ANOVA<\/jats:styled-content> followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test for between\u2010 and within\u2010group analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>There was a significant reduction in the thickness of the intrinsic foot muscles and plantar tissue in T2DM<\/jats:styled-content> compared with NDM<\/jats:styled-content> subjects (P\u2009<<\/jats:italic>\u20090.05). However, there were differences in intrinsic foot muscle and plantar tissue thickness between T2DM<\/jats:styled-content> subjects with and without PN<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>There was a substantial decrease in intrinsic foot muscle and plantar tissue thickness in T2DM compared with NDM<\/jats:styled-content> subjects, indicating that structural changes appear in the foot before PN<\/jats:styled-content> develops. The techniques used in this study cannot exclude the possibility that neuropathic changes that are clinically undetectable may develop in parallel with changes in plantar tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,15]],"date-time":"2014-12-15T11:52:38Z","timestamp":1418644358000},"page":"850-857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Intrinsic foot muscle and plantar tissue changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"C.G. Shashi","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy School of Allied Health Sciences Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.V.","family":"Rajagopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radio Diagnosis Kasturba Medical College Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Manjunath","family":"Hande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Manipal University Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun G.","family":"Maiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy School of Allied Health Sciences Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreemathi S.","family":"Mayya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Manipal University Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-S055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.42068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Current status of diabetes in India and need for novel therapeutic agents","volume":"58","author":"Ramachandran A","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-1777"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1463-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.11.1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.12.1904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-005-0168-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Gait deviations of patients with diabetes mellitus: Looking beyond peripheral neuropathy","volume":"42","author":"Yavuzer G","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eura Medicophys"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519412400258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-6-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-1-S1-O2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of the diabetic foot","volume":"13","author":"Ranachowska C","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03644.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.8.1444"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.6.1425"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2174"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"A277","article-title":"Rupture of the plantar fascia in the diabetic foot leads to toe dorsiflexion deformity (Abstract)","volume":"41","author":"Taylor R","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1525"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1753-0407.12254","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1753-0407.12254","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T07:10:57Z","timestamp":1695539457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1753-0407.12254"}},"subtitle":["2\u578b\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u8db3\u90e8\u5185\u5728\u808c\u4e0e\u8db3\u5e95\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d8\u5316"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1753-0407.12254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-0407.12254","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-0393","1753-0407"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-0393","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-0407","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-03-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-11-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}