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The odds ratios of adverse outcomes were evaluated comparing pre\u2010DM<\/jats:styled-content> with no diabetes and GDM<\/jats:styled-content> with no diabetes, controlling for maternal characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Diabetes complicated 6.3% of pregnancies, with 88% being GDM<\/jats:styled-content>. In singleton pregnancies, pre\u2010DM<\/jats:styled-content> and GDM<\/jats:styled-content> were associated with increased risks of pre\u2010eclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR<\/jats:styled-content>]\u2009=\u20093.38 and 1.83, respectively), cesarean delivery (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.53, 1.55), spontaneous preterm (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 4.20, 1.71), and labor\u2010induced preterm (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.82, 2.00) in the mother, and macrosomia (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.11, 1.30), shoulder dystocia (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.54, 1.32), congenital anomalies (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.61, 1.20), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU<\/jats:styled-content>) admissions (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.81, 1.60) in the infants. In addition, pre\u2010DM<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with an increased likelihood of stillbirth (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.73) and neonatal death (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.00) compared with non\u2010diabetic pregnancies. In twin pregnancies, pre\u2010DM was associated with increased risks of spontaneous (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.54) and labor\u2010induced (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.57) preterm births, large for gestational age (LGA<\/jats:styled-content>) infants (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.73), congenital anomalies (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.05) and NICU admissions (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.91); GDM<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with an increased risk of pre\u2010eclampsia (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.54), cesarean delivery (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.57), and LGA<\/jats:styled-content> infants (aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.63).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Pre\u2010existing diabetes confers higher risks than GDM<\/jats:styled-content>. Diabetes is associated with adverse outcomes in singleton and twin pregnancies, and the increased risks are generally similar or less in twins, probably due to their higher \u201cbaseline\u201d risks and closer clinical monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,15]],"date-time":"2014-12-15T11:51:35Z","timestamp":1418644295000},"page":"45-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Outcomes of singleton and twin pregnancies complicated by pre\u2010existing diabetes and gestational diabetes: A population\u2010based study in A<\/scp>lberta, C<\/scp>anada, 2005\u201311"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Florence Y.","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surveillance and Assessment, Ministry of Health Alberta Government Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Alberta Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Dover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surveillance and Assessment, Ministry of Health Alberta Government Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padma","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"B9","article-title":"Epidemiology of glucose intolerance and gestational diabetes in women of childbearing age","volume":"21","author":"King H","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada.Diabetes in Canada: Facts and Figures From a Public Health Perspective.2012. 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