{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T13:30:04Z","timestamp":1768311004852,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,9]],"date-time":"2017-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16H05527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H05527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25463011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25463011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypofunction of different organs in the body is associated with diabetes, including in the oral cavity. Diabetes is often associated with xerostomia, but the underlying mechanism is not well characterized. Thus, the mechanisms underlying diabetes\u2010induced xerostomia were investigated in this study in KK\u2010A\n<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> mice as an experimental model of type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanisms involved in diabetes\u2010induced xerostomia were investigated using the ex vivo glandular perfusion technique, histological analysis, and immunohistochemical and intracellular signaling analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ex vivo submandibular gland secretions from KK\u2010A<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> mice decreased by 30% following stimulation with 0.3 \u03bcmol\/L carbachol (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CC<\/jats:styled-content>h), a cholinergic agonist. Acinar cell weight was comparable between KK\u2010A<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> and control mice, whereas duct cell weight was significantly greater in KK\u2010A<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> mice. Concentrations of Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> in the secreted saliva decreased significantly in KK\u2010A<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> mice, supporting the finding of increased ductal tissue in KK\u2010A<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed no significant differences between KK\u2010A<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> and control mice in terms of the expression of Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and water channels, Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2013K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u20132Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> cotransporters, and membrane proteins critical for fluid secretion. Cellular signaling analysis revealed that the increase in [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> in response to 0.3 \u03bcmol\/L <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CC<\/jats:styled-content>h was reduced by 30% in KK\u2010A<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> mice, although there was no significant difference in the thapsigargin (1.0 \u03bcmol\/L)\u2010induced increase in store\u2010depleted calcium between KK\u2010A<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> and control mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results demonstrate that submandibular fluid secretion is diminished in KK\u2010A<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> mice because of a diminished increase in [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>. Duct cell weight increased in KK\u2010A<jats:sup>y<\/jats:sup> mice, possibly leading to increased ion reabsorption and thus decreased Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> concentrations in the secreted saliva.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,16]],"date-time":"2017-03-16T08:42:54Z","timestamp":1489653774000},"page":"18-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Salivary gland hypofunction in KK\u2010A<sup>y<\/sup> type 2 diabetic mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Munemasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Kyushu Dental University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Mukaibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral 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2\u578b\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u5c0f\u9f20\u553e\u6db2\u817a\u529f\u80fd\u51cf\u9000"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1753-0407.12548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-0407.12548","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-0393","1753-0407"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-0393","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-0407","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-01-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-03-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}