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No changes were observed in the mRNA levels of growth factors and cannabinoid receptors. In line with the mRNA data, TNF\u03b1 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in diabetic monkeys. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of <jats:italic>IL\u20101\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNF\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TLR1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic> in the SDH were positively correlated with plasma glucose concentrations in all monkeys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several ligands and receptors involved in neuroinflammation are simultaneously dysregulated in the spinal cord of diabetic monkeys. This primate disease model will facilitate the design of novel treatment approaches to ameliorate neuroinflammation\u2010driven adverse effects in diabetic patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T08:15:40Z","timestamp":1526026540000},"page":"886-895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differential mRNA expression of neuroinflammatory modulators in the spinal cord and thalamus of type 2 diabetic monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Huiping","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5401-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norikazu","family":"Kiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; 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