{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:10:58Z","timestamp":1787843458216,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because galectin\u20103 has been proposed to regulate obesity and insulin resistance in mice, we hypothesized that circulating galectin\u20103 levels are associated with presence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), progesterone, and insulin resistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Circulating galectin\u20103 levels were measured using an enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in women with GDM (n = 137) and their controls (n = 81). Associations of galectin\u20103 and progesterone with GDM and insulin resistance were evaluated using regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Circulating galectin\u20103 levels were increased in the individuals with GDM (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and associated significantly with progesterone (r = 0.42,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), gestational age at sampling (r = 0.23,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), current body mass index (BMI; r = 0.17,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .02), estrogen (r = 0.15,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.03), fasting glucose (r = 0.41,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), fasting insulin (r = 0.39,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA\u2010IR; r = 0.44,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, including current BMI, subjects in the highest tertile of galectin\u20103 levels were more likely to have GDM (odds ratio 4.71, 95% confidence interval 2.01\u201011.06) as compared with the lowest tertile. The association between circulating galectin\u20103 levels and GDM remained significant after adjusting for progesterone, but significantly attenuated after adjustment with HOMA\u2010IR. Furthermore, the multiple linear regression analyses after adjustment for confounders showed an independent association between galectin\u20103 levels and HOMA\u2010IR (\u03b2 = .41,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), suggesting that association of circulating gelactin\u20103 levels with GDM might be mediated via insulin resistance. Progesterone demonstrated the expected associations with galectin\u20103, GDM, and HOMA\u2010IR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Circulating galectin\u20103 levels are associated with GDM possibly through increased insulin resistance. The association of galectin\u20103 with progesterone highlights a potential role of progesterone in its interaction with galectin\u20103.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T07:34:15Z","timestamp":1594884855000},"page":"54-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Association of circulating galectin\u20103 with gestational diabetes mellitus, progesterone, and insulin resistance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zeqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehui","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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