{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:57:59Z","timestamp":1772611079668,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In many populations the incidence of type 2 diabetes is higher in men than in women. This may be explained by exposure to female gonadal hormones, but so far, there is no consensus on their role over the life course in type 2 diabetes etiology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data are from 83\u2009799 French women from the E3N (Etude \u00c9pid\u00e9miologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l'Education Nationale) cohort study, followed for 22\u2009years. Multivariable Cox models including classical risk factors were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between gonadal hormonal factors and incident type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Older age at menarche, more menstrual cycles, older age at menopause, longer duration of exposure to gonadal hormones and breastfeeding were inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes cases (n = 4806). While a longer duration of menstrual cycles (HR = 1.23 [95% CI: 1.07\u20101.41] comparing \u226532 vs \u226424\u2009days) and use of contraceptive pills (HR = 1.33 [1.25\u20101.42]) were associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In women, a longer exposure to endogenous gonadal hormones with a later menopause as well as breastfeeding were associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independently of classical diabetes risk factors. In contrast, the use of contraceptive agents was associated with incident diabetes, but the influence of each type of contraception and of exposure duration remain to be investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T04:15:26Z","timestamp":1604463326000},"page":"330-338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gonadal hormonal factors before menopause and incident type 2 diabetes in women: A 22\u2010year follow\u2010up of 83\u2009799 women from the <scp>E3N<\/scp> cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sopio","family":"Tatulashvili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AP\u2010HP, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Unit Avicenne Hospital  Bobigny 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