{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T23:43:53Z","timestamp":1782690233451,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parity, pregnancy loss, and breastfeeding duration were found to be associated with diabetes. However, the results are inconsistent. Also, no epidemiological studies have examined the association of these reproductive factors with diabetes in the same large population. We aim to investigate the associations between parity, pregnancy loss, breastfeeding duration, and the risk of maternal diabetes in middle\u2010aged and elderly Chinese females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 131\u2009174 females aged \u226540\u2009years from the REACTION study (Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals: A Longitudinal Study). Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression were used to assess the association between parity, pregnancy loss, and breastfeeding duration and type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of parities and breastfeeding duration were positively related to fasting plasma glucose, 2\u2010hour postload glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Compared with those with one birth, nulliparous women or women with 2 or \u22653 births had a significantly increased risk of diabetes. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 1.27 (1.10\u20101.48), 1.17 (1.12\u20101.22), and 1.28 (1.21\u20101.35), respectively. Compared with women without pregnancy loss, those who underwent 2 (OR 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04\u20101.14) or \u22653 pregnancy losses (OR 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04\u20101.18) had an increased risk of diabetes. Moreover, women with a breastfeeding duration \u22650 to 6\u2009months (OR 0.82; 95% CI, 0.75\u20100.90) and \u22656 to 12\u2009months (OR 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89\u20100.99) had a significantly lower risk of diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nulliparous women or women with multiparity or more than one pregnancy loss have an increased risk of diabetes in later life, while women who breastfeed more than 0 to 12\u2009months have a lower risk of diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T13:51:45Z","timestamp":1615557105000},"page":"857-867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Associations between parity, pregnancy loss, and breastfeeding duration and risk of maternal type 2 diabetes: An observational cohort 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