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He then scribbled down a potential research study of tying off the ducts of the pancreas and collecting the secretions to improve diabetes. These secretions became known as insulin. A century later, 60 different oral medications and 20 different insulins are available for the treatment of diabetes, yet none stimulate new islet formation. One hundred years later, after the discovery of insulin, more than a dozen research teams from around the world have demonstrated that similar studies to Banting's pancreatic ligation studies have resulted in upregulation of the REG gene. There are now more than 200 publications on the role of Reg gene proteins and shorter Reg peptides in initiating new islet formation islet from exocrine pancreatic ducts and protecting against inflammation to islets resulting in islet death. Human data through Phase 2b in both type 1 and 2 diabetes patients with diabetes for an average of 20\u2009years have demonstrated that the use of a shorter bioactive Reg peptide can generate new endogenous insulin production, resulting in significant reductions in hemoglobin A1C and increases in stimulated C\u2010peptide. The observations of Frederick Banting, one century ago, may now lead to the generation of therapeutics that form new islets without the need for transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T12:51:11Z","timestamp":1640868671000},"page":"104-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Frederick Banting's observations leading to the potential for islet neogenesis without transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claresa","family":"Levetan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fellow with Distinction, American College of Endocrinology, Diplomate, American Board of Internal Medicine, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Grand View Health  Lansdale Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"The relation of the islets of Langerhans to diabetes with special reference to cases of pancreatic lithiasis","volume":"19","author":"Barron M","year":"1920","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"464","article-title":"Pancreatic extracts","volume":"7","author":"Banting FG","year":"1922","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. 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