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However, the characteristics of microbiota and metabolites in these patients remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate microbial and metabolomic profiles and identify novel biomarkers for T1D with depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case\u2013control study was conducted in a total of 37 T1D patients with depression (TD+), 35 T1D patients without depression (TD\u2212), and 29 healthy controls (HCs). 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS) metabolomics analysis were conducted to investigate the characteristics of microbiota and metabolites. The association between altered microbiota and metabolites was explored by Spearman's rank correlation and visualized by a heatmap. The microbial signatures to discriminate TD+ from TD\u2212 were identified by a random forest (RF) classifying model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In microbiota, 15 genera enriched in TD\u2212 and 2 genera enriched in TD+, and in metabolites, 14 differential metabolites (11 upregulated and 3 downregulated) in TD+ versus TD\u2212 were identified. Additionally, 5 genera (including <jats:italic>Phascolarctobacterium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Butyricimonas<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic> from altered microbiota) demonstrated good diagnostic power (area under the curve [AUC]\u2009=\u20090.73; 95% CI, 0.58\u20130.87). In the correlation analysis, <jats:italic>Butyricimonas<\/jats:italic> was negatively correlated with glutaric acid (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.28, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015) and malondialdehyde (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.30, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012). Both <jats:italic>Phascolarctobacterium<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.27, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.022) and <jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.31, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009) were positively correlated with allopregnanolone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>T1D patients with depression were characterized by unique profiles of gut microbiota and serum metabolites. <jats:italic>Phascolarctobacterium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Butyricimonas<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic> could predict the risk of T1D with depression. These findings provide further evidence that the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis is involved in T1D with depression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jdb13542-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T01:45:19Z","timestamp":1712799919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Microbial and metabolomic profiles of type 1 diabetes with depression: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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