{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:01:57Z","timestamp":1787882517090,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]],"date-time":"2016-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Imag Rad Onc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnostic reference levels (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRL<\/jats:styled-content>) of procedures involving ionising radiation are important tools for optimising radiation doses delivered to patients and to identify cases where the levels of dose are unusually high. This is particularly important for paediatric patients undergoing fluoroscopic examinations as these examinations can be associated with a high radiation dose. In this study, a large amount of paediatric fluoroscopic data has been analysed to:\n<jats:list>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>establish local DRL,<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>identify the most significant factors determining radiation dose to patients, and<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>modify fluoroscopic techniques to optimise the examination protocols.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paediatric fluoroscopic studies performed at our institution from April 2010 to May 2015 have been retrospectively analysed to determine range, mean, 75th and 95th percentiles of Dose\u2013Area Product (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DAP<\/jats:styled-content>) and fluoroscopic screening time for Micturating Cystourethrography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCU<\/jats:styled-content>), Airway, Airway and Swallow, Barium Swallow and Meal, Barium Follow Through and Barium Enema studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Currently, no Australian paediatric fluoroscopic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRL<\/jats:styled-content> data are available for comparison and thus our data can only be compared with international published data. No major changes to examination protocols or modification to fluoroscopic techniques were found necessary as our data compared well with the international published values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The dose delivered to patients depend on a number of factors particularly the experience of the operators. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRL<\/jats:styled-content> are also important, as shown in this study, as they enable best practice by providing feedback to the operators on their performance and benchmarking the institution with other institutions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]],"date-time":"2016-06-09T07:57:56Z","timestamp":1465459076000},"page":"469-474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Diagnostic reference levels for common paediatric fluoroscopic examinations performed at a dedicated paediatric Australian hospital"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bibbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SA Medical Imaging Women's and Children's Hospital North Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Balman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SA Medical Imaging Women's and Children's Hospital North Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Linke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SA Medical Imaging Women's and Children's Hospital North Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Radiosensitivity and Spatial Distribution of Dose","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP).Radiological protection and safety in medicine. ICRP Publication 73. Annals of the ICRP 26(2) 1996.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6453(00)89195-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","article-title":"Radiation and your patient: a guide for medical practitioners. Also includes: Diagnostic reference levels in medical imaging \u2013 review and additional advice","volume":"31","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of the ICRP"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","volume-title":"Code of Practice for Radiation Protection in the Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation","author":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-014-0244-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","unstructured":"Australian\/New Zealand Standard (AS\/NZS).Approval and test specifications\u2010Medical electrical equipment: Part 1.3: General requirements for safety \u2013 Collateral Standard: Requirements for radiation protection in diagnostic x\u2010ray equipment. AS\/NZS 3200.1.3:1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","volume-title":"National Radiation Protection Board. Doses to Patients From Medical X\u2010ray Examinations in the UK \u2013 2000 Review, NRPB\u2010W14","author":"Hart D","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","volume-title":"Doses to Patients From Radiographic and Fluoroscopic x\u2010ray Imaging Procedures in the UK \u2013 2005 Review","author":"Hart D","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","volume-title":"Doses to Patients From Radiographic and Fluoroscopic x\u2010ray Imaging Procedures in the UK \u2013 2010 Review","author":"Hart D","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/36530782"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1754-9485.12478","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1754-9485.12478","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T21:42:03Z","timestamp":1695505323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1754-9485.12478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1754-9485.12478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1754-9485.12478","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-9477","1754-9485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-9477","type":"print"},{"value":"1754-9485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-03-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-04-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-06-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}