{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:21:36Z","timestamp":1763202096371,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Imag Rad Onc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunotherapy drugs work by stimulating the patient's own immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. This subclass of drugs is increasingly administered to patients with advanced melanoma. They are also commonly incorporated into other cancer therapies such as non\u2010small cell lung cancer, renal cancer, head and neck cancers and Hodgkin lymphoma. The most commonly administered immunotherapeutic agents in the treatment of melanoma include programmed cell death protein 1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101) inhibitors, cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocyte antigen 4 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104) inhibitors and a subclass of cytokines. During treatment with these antibodies, a unique set of adverse effects may occur which are often called immune\u2010related adverse events (ir<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>s). It is vital for radiologists to be aware of and document these side effects during routine staging or body imaging during therapy. Some of these include pneumonitis, colitis, hypophysitis, lymphadenopathy or sarcoid\u2010like syndrome and myositis. Ir<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>s such as sarcoid\u2010like lymphadenopathy can mimic progression of disease. Serious side effects are seen in less than 10% of patients, and typically emerge between 6 and 12\u00a0weeks after commencing treatment. The clinical manifestations of these side effects typically vary from mild to severe and so do the radiological findings. Patients with mild side effects are often treated successfully with systemic corticosteroids, while severe cases require cessation of immunotherapy. We provide a pictorial article on the common ir<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>s and the associated radiological manifestations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]],"date-time":"2017-10-12T04:48:40Z","timestamp":1507783720000},"page":"759-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Radiological manifestations of immune\u2010related adverse effects observed in patients with melanoma undergoing immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parveen","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander M","family":"Menzies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melanoma Institute Australia North Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melanoma Institute Australia North Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Carlino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melanoma Institute Australia North Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirleen","family":"Lorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame Sydney Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rony","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2006.0033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"American Cancer Society.Immunotherapy for Melanoma Skin Cancer.2016. [Cited 2 October 2016.]; Available from URL:http:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/skincancer-melanoma\/detailedguide\/melanoma-skin-cancer-treating-immunotherapy."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Cancer Research Institute.Melanoma.2016. [Cited 2 October 2016.]; Available from URL:http:\/\/www.cancerresearch.org\/cancer-immunotherapy\/impacting-all-cancers\/melanoma."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network.NCCN Guidelines for Treatment of Cancer by Site.2016. [Cited 3 October 2016.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/f_guidelines.asp#melanoma."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"SquibbE.Prescribing information: YERVOY (ipilimumab) injection for intravenous use.2015. [Cited 24 August 2016.] Available from URL:http:\/\/cancergrace.org\/cancer-treatments\/2014\/12\/30\/what-are-the-potential-side-effects-an-immunotherapy-primer-for-patients-pt-4\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27969"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.68.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1467"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.41.6750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.6198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cji.0000178913.41256.06"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/857519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw558","article-title":"Neurotoxicity from immune\u2010checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of melanoma: a single centre experience and review of literature","volume":"28","author":"Spain L","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann of Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-008-0642-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60958-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1754-9485.12653","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1754-9485.12653","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T16:49:11Z","timestamp":1696006151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1754-9485.12653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1754-9485.12653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1754-9485.12653","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-9477","1754-9485"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1754-9477"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1754-9485"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-12-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-07-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-10-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}