{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:41:52Z","timestamp":1762508512800,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Imag Rad Onc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Effective dose alone cannot be used to specify and communicate the radiation risk for an individual as risks are dependent on many factors including age and gender. There are limited published data regarding age\u2010specific effective doses and the associated lifetime risk of developing cancers for paediatrics. In this study, we have estimated the typical effective doses for six commonly performed paediatric nuclear medicine and positron emission tomography (PET) studies at the Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Effective doses were used to estimate and categorise associated stochastic risks with commonly used risk terminology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paediatric protocols for common nuclear medicine and PET studies and the World Health Organization (WHO) 50th percentile weight\u2010for\u2010age data for females and males aged up to 18\u2009years were used to estimate typical organ and effective doses using ICRP dosimetric tables for radiopharmaceuticals and lifetime risk of cancer incidence using BEIR VII Phase 2 report data. Results were used to determine standardised levels of risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Organ doses, effective doses, corresponding lifetime risk of cancer incidence and level of risk category from six common nuclear medicine and PET studies for paediatric patients were calculated and presented for ease of communication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Typical effective doses from common paediatric nuclear medicine and PET studies and the associated lifetime risk of cancer incidence and level of risk have been established for our institution. This can be used to convey risks to health professionals, patients and carers in ways that are easy to understand and compare with other everyday risks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.13257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:16:26Z","timestamp":1623370586000},"page":"7-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effective doses and associated age\u2010related risks for common paediatric diagnostic nuclear medicine and PET procedures at a large Australian paediatric hospital"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4689-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria J","family":"Earl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke J","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2809-1886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda A","family":"Perdomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","article-title":"The 2007 Recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection. ICRP Publication 103","volume":"37","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation National Research Council.Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2 2006. Available from URL:http:\/\/nap.edu\/11340"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","article-title":"Radiological protection in paediatric diagnostic and interventional radiology. ICRP Publication 121","volume":"42","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","article-title":"Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals: a compendium of current information related to frequently used substances. ICRP Publication 128","volume":"44","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).UNSCEAR 2013 Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes. Volume II Scientific Annex B: Effects of radiation exposure of children. United Nations New York 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12628"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.069609"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection reference values. ICRP Publication 89","volume":"32","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"European Association of Nuclear Medicine.EANM Paediatric Dosage Card (Version 5.7.2016). Available from URL:https:\/\/www.eanm.org\/publications\/dosage\u2010card\/: EANM Executive Office 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"American College of Radiology.ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. [Accessed 28 Dec 2018.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.acr.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency.ARPANSA Fact Sheet \u2013 Medical Imaging: Information for Patients. [Accessed 09 Jan 2020.] Available from URL:http:\/\/www.arpansa.gov.au"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7060.799"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency.Code of Practice for the Exposure of Humans to Ionizing Radiation for Research Purposes Radiation Protection Series Publication No. 8 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"CameronJR.Low Dose Radiation Hormesis & Adaptive Response Web Site. [Accessed 09 Jan 2020.] Available from URL:http:\/\/www.angelfire.com\/mo\/radioadaptive\/jcameron1.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"PeckDJ SameiE.How to Understand and Communicate Radiation Risk. [Accessed 15 Apr 2021.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.imagewisely.org\/Imaging\u2010Modalities\/Computed\u2010Tomography\/How\u2010to\u2010Understand\u2010and\u2010Communicate\u2010Radiation\u2010Risk"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Radiation safety","volume":"42","author":"Skinner S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005340"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"National Safety Council.Injury Facts \u2013 All Injuries \u2013 Preventable Deaths \u2013 Odds of Dying. [Accessed 15 Apr 2021.] Available from URL:https:\/\/injuryfacts.nsc.org\/all\u2010injuries\/preventable\u2010death\u2010overview\/odds\u2010of\u2010dying\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","article-title":"Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals (Addendum to ICRP Publication 53). ICRP Publication 80","volume":"28","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.The WHO Child Growth Standards. [Accessed 09 Aug 2019.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.who.int\/childgrowth\/standards\/en\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","article-title":"Diagnostic reference levels in medical imaging. ICRP Publication 135","volume":"46","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.Communicating radiation risks in paediatric imaging. Information to support healthcare discussions about benefit and risk 2016."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1754-9485.13257","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1754-9485.13257","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1754-9485.13257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T13:37:16Z","timestamp":1693229836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1754-9485.13257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1754-9485.13257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1754-9485.13257","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-9477","1754-9485"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1754-9477"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1754-9485"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}