{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:03:56Z","timestamp":1791893036462,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Imag Rad Onc"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hysterosalpingo\u2010contrast sonography (HyCoSy) with saline tubal flushing is widely used for fallopian tube assessment, but evidence regarding fertility outcomes remains limited. This study aimed to quantify conception outcomes within 12\u2009months following HyCoSy with saline tubal flushing and identify clinical factors associated with conception.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective observational study included individuals undergoing HyCoSy with saline tubal flushing at Pacific Radiology Canterbury between December 2013 and December 2023 with 12\u2010month fertility follow\u2010up. Primary outcomes were spontaneous and post\u2010assisted reproductive technology (ART) conception within 12\u2009months, livebirth or ongoing pregnancy and time to spontaneous conception. Multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with conception, and time to conception was assessed using Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 313 participants, 178 (56.9%) conceived within 12\u2009months. Spontaneous conception occurred in 45.8% of participants not undergoing ART and 74.3% of those undergoing ART. Livebirth or ongoing pregnancy occurred in 42.2%. Median time to spontaneous conception was 3.0\u2009months (IQR 1.9\u20137.0). Longer infertility duration (aOR 0.987\/month, 95% CI: 0.976\u20130.998), unilateral versus bilateral tubal patency (aOR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.24\u20130.998), M\u0101ori\/Pasifika ethnicity (aOR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08\u20130.87) and Asian (aOR 0.36, 95% CI: 0.18\u20130.70) versus European ethnicity were associated with reduced odds of conception.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Saline HyCoSy is a low\u2010cost, non\u2010radiating diagnostic investigation, with favourable spontaneous and ART conception outcomes observed in this cohort. These findings support its value in routine fertility assessment, whereas highlighting the importance of timely referral, tubal assessment and equitable access to fertility services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.70208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:24:41Z","timestamp":1791890681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrospective Analysis of Conception Rates After Tubal Flushing With Saline at Hysterosalpingo\u2010Contrast Sonography (\n                    <scp>HyCoSy<\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0957-5181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abby","family":"Mason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Radiology Canterbury RHCNZ Medical Imaging Group  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7628-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"McEwing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Radiology Canterbury RHCNZ Medical Imaging Group  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wakeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fertility Associates Christchurch  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Australian Evidence\u2010Based Guideline for Unexplained Infertility: ADAPTE Process From the ESHRE Evidence\u2010Based Guideline on Unexplained Infertility","author":"Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG)","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.02.001","article-title":"Hysterosalpingo\u2010Contrast Sonography Versus Radiographic Hysterosalpingography in the Evaluation of Tubal Patency","volume":"105","author":"Hamed H. O.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-3804(05)60264-2","article-title":"Hysterosalpingo\u2010Contrast Sonography Compared With Hysterosalpingography and Laparoscopic Dye Pertubation to Evaluate Tubal Patency","volume":"10","author":"Exacoustos C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"803","article-title":"Sonohysterosalpingography Versus Hysterosalpingography in the Evaluation of Uterine and Tubal Infertility","volume":"113","author":"Socolov D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revista Medico\u2010Chirurgicala A Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1777","article-title":"Tolerability, Side Effects, and Complications of Hysterosalpingocontrast Sonography (HyCoSy)","volume":"92","author":"Savelli L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mefs.2011.05.001","article-title":"Pregnancy Outcome After Hystero\u2010Salpingo\u2010Contrast\u2010Sonography (HyCoSy) Versus Hysterosalpingography (HSG) Using Different Contrast Media","volume":"16","author":"Siam E. M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Middle East Fertility Society Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003718"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20238","article-title":"Effectiveness on Fertility Outcome of Tubal Flushing With Different Contrast Media: Systematic Review and Network Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"54","author":"Wang R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2012.39.4.161","article-title":"Hysterosalpingo\u2010Contrast Sonography: Is Possible to Quantify the Therapeutic Effect of a Diagnostic Test?","volume":"39","author":"Giugliano E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","article-title":"Assessment of the Influence on Spontaneous Pregnancy of Hysterosalpingo\u2010Contrast Sonography","volume":"2018","author":"Chunyan G.","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03315-x","article-title":"Spontaneous Conception Outcome in Infertile Women After Four\u2010Dimensional Hysterosalpingo\u2010Contrast\u2010Sonography","volume":"20","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den485","article-title":"Influence of HyCoSy on Spontaneous Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"24","author":"Lindborg L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)30725-7","article-title":"Therapeutic Value of Salpingograms in Infertility","volume":"2","author":"Weir W. C.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55880-4","article-title":"Oily Contrast Medium as a Therapeutic Agent for Infertility Because of Mild Endometriosis","volume":"59","author":"Sawatari Y.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.6.01831725","article-title":"Enhanced Fertility After Diagnostic Hysterosalpingography Using Oil\u2010Based Contrast Agents May Be Attributable to Immunomodulation","volume":"183","author":"Yun A. J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Morphology of In\u00a0Vitro Sperm Phagocytosis by Rat Peritoneal Macrophages Under Influence of Oily Contrast Medium (Lipiodol)","volume":"25","author":"Mikulska D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Europaea Fertilitatis"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600498","article-title":"Oil\u2010Soluble Contrast Medium (OSCM) for Hysterosalpingography Modulates Dendritic Cell and Regulatory T Cell Profiles in the Peritoneal Cavity: A Possible Mechanism by Which OSCM Enhances Fertility","volume":"198","author":"Izumi G.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13323","article-title":"The Burden of Infertility in New Zealand: A Baseline Survey of Prevalence and Service Use","volume":"61","author":"Righarts A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Maori Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction and Fertility Treatment: A Review of the Literature","volume":"37","author":"Webb D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Zealand Sociology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12546-016-9159-y","article-title":"Colonisation, Racism and Indigenous Health","volume":"33","author":"Paradies Y.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Population Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Understanding \u2018Higher\u2019 M\u0101ori Fertility in a \u2018Low\u2019 Fertility Context: Does Cultural Identity Make a Difference?","volume":"44","author":"Rarere M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Zealand Population Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Pregnancy Rates After Hysterosalpingography With Oil\u2010 and Water\u2010Soluble Contrast Media","volume":"68","author":"Alper M. M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(88)90060-3","article-title":"Oil or Aqueous Contrast Media for Hysterosalpingography: A Prospective, Randomized, Clinical Study","volume":"28","author":"De Boer A. D.","year":"1988","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612337","article-title":"Oil\u2010Based or Water\u2010Based Contrast for Hysterosalpingography in Infertile Women","volume":"376","author":"Dreyer K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.179.1.1848716","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of Hysterosalpingography: Oil\u2010Versus Water\u2010Soluble Contrast Media\u2014A Randomized Prospective Study","volume":"179","author":"Rasmussen F.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.214.1.r00ja2353","article-title":"Potential Therapeutic Effects of Contrast Materials in Hysterosalpingography: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"214","author":"Spring D. B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199012000-00008","article-title":"Pregnancy Rates After the Use of Oil\u2010Based and Water\u2010Based Contrast Media to Evaluate Tubal Patency","volume":"83","author":"Letterie G. S.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Southern Medical Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effects of Oil\u2010Soluble Hysterosalpingography Contrast Medium Following Water\u2010Soluble Hysterosalpingography Contrast Medium","volume":"44","author":"Yang K. N.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi = Chinese Medical Journal; Free China Ed"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","volume-title":"Australia and New Zealand Assisted Reproduction Database Annual Report 2021","author":"Australian and New Zealand Assisted Reproduction Database (ANZARD)","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmq015","article-title":"Predictive Factors in In\u00a0Vitro Fertilization (IVF): A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Van Loendersloot L. L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2019.04.012","article-title":"Treatment of Hydrosalpinx in Relation to IVF Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Volodarsky\u2010Perel A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproductive Biomedicine Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722155","article-title":"Effects of Hydrosalpinx on Endometrial Implantation Failures: Evaluating Salpingectomy in Women Undergoing In\u00a0Vitro Fertilization","volume":"43","author":"Palagiano A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetr\u00edcia"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(98)00068-1","article-title":"Declining Fecundity and Ovarian Ageing in Natural Fertility Populations","volume":"30","author":"O'Connor K. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/1464727012000199251","article-title":"The Effects of Female Age on Fecundity and Pregnancy Outcome","volume":"4","author":"Nugent D.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Fertility"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz011","article-title":"Female Obesity Is Negatively Associated With Live Birth Rate Following IVF: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Sermondade N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex241","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of the Impact of Preconception Lifestyle Interventions on Fertility, Obstetric, Fetal, Anthropometric and Metabolic Outcomes in Men and Women","volume":"32","author":"Lan L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi036","article-title":"A Meta\u2010Analysis of Outcomes of Conventional IVF in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Heijnen E. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.5000","article-title":"Prevalence of Infertility and Use of Fertility Treatment in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Data From a Large Community\u2010Based Cohort Study","volume":"24","author":"Joham A. E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1754-9485.70208","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1754-9485.70208","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1754-9485.70208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:24:47Z","timestamp":1791890687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1754-9485.70208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1754-9485.70208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1754-9485.70208","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-9477","1754-9485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-9477","type":"print"},{"value":"1754-9485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1754-9485.70208"}}