{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T09:19:11Z","timestamp":1782551951165,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,5]],"date-time":"2019-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008915","name":"Department of Transport and Main Roads, Queensland Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology Resources"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wildlife diseases are a recognized driver of global biodiversity loss, have substantial economic impacts, and are increasingly becoming a threat to human health. Disease surveillance is critical but remains difficult in the wild due to the substantial costs and potential biases associated with most disease detection methods. Noninvasive scat surveys have been proposed as a health monitoring methodology to overcome some of these limitations. Here, we use the known threat of <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> disease to the iconic, yet vulnerable, koala <jats:italic>Phascolarctos cinereus<\/jats:italic> to compare three methods for <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> detection in scats: multiplex quantitative PCR, next generation sequencing, and a detection dog specifically trained on scats from <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected koalas. All three methods demonstrated 100% specificity, while sensitivity was variable. Of particular interest is the variable sensitivity of these diagnostic tests to detect sick individuals (i.e., not only infection as confirmed by <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\u2010positive swabs, but with observable clinical signs of the disease); for koalas with urogenital tract disease signs, sensitivity was 78% with quantitative PCR, 50% with next generation genotyping and 100% with the detection dog method. This may be due to molecular methods having to rely on high\u2010quality DNA whereas the dog most likely detects volatile organic compounds. The most appropriate diagnostic test will vary with disease prevalence and the specific aims of disease surveillance. Acknowledging that detection dogs might not be easily accessible to all, the future development of affordable and portable \u201cartificial noses\u201d to detect diseases from scats in the field might enable cost\u2010effective, rapid and large\u2010scale disease surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T16:50:11Z","timestamp":1548435011000},"page":"957-969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Developing noninvasive methodologies to assess koala population health through detecting <i>Chlamydia<\/i> from scats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romane H.","family":"Cristescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2763-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndal","family":"Hulse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Jaccoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diversity Arrays Technology University of Canberra Bruce Australian Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Hanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endeavour Veterinary Ecology Toorbul Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosie","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital Beerwah Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9671-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line H.","family":"Fr\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00180.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00606-016-1318-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-77134-0_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Importance of wildlife disease surveillance","volume":"4","author":"Belant J. 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