{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:51:32Z","timestamp":1790380292491,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology Resources"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has transformed biodiversity monitoring across taxa from bacteria to mammals, yet sample collection remains a major bottleneck. Passive sampling via adsorption and entrapment has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome the limitations of conventional active filtration. However, the performance of passive sampling for microbial biodiversity monitoring remains unknown. Here, we developed passive sampling\u2010based microbial community profiling by testing five submersion times and three common eDNA extraction methods in mesocosms, and comprehensively evaluated it by comparing results with active filtration in estuarine and coastal environments. We found that passive sampling for 24\u2009h with enzymatic extraction yielded significantly more eDNA and higher biodiversity than shorter durations and mechanical extractions. Passive sampling consistently outperformed active filtration at every field site, with average increases of &gt;100% in eDNA yields and &gt;50% in taxonomic and phylogenetic diversities. Additionally, active filtration and passive sampling yielded significantly different prokaryotic and microeukaryotic community compositions, driven primarily by turnover rather than nestedness (on average 4\u2010fold larger), implying that passive sampling is better suited for spatiotemporal detection than active filtration. Passive sampling showed greater sensitivity in identifying key environmental factors (3 vs. 2) and potential environmental bioindicators (40 vs. 20) compared with active filtration. Overall, this study establishes an efficient and practical passive sampling method for microbial biodiversity monitoring and environmental assessment in aquatic environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.70121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T18:12:24Z","timestamp":1773771144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Developing and Evaluating Aquatic Passive Sampling of Environmental\n                    <scp>DNA<\/scp>\n                    for Microbial Community Profiling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7019-2437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7458-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert\u2010Jan","family":"Jeunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5779-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8803-6424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsz Ying","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Health City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7368-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiqi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Sensing &amp; Ocean College Zhejiang University  Zhoushan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3654-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.10.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps010257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es404734p"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041\u2010210X.2012.00224.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.13640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010021\u201001760\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010019\u20100209\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/ab.e68634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02506"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2009.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/mbmg.2.28963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010002\u20101048\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Fox J. S.Weisberg B.Price et\u00a0al.2024. \u201cCar: Companion to Applied Regression.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=car."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924\u20107963(99)00038\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1160"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.356"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.03.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201009419\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251156"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"Kembel S. W. D. D.Ackerly S. P.Blomberg et\u00a0al.2020. \u201cPicante: Integrating Phylogenies and Ecology.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=picante."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btae707"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01863"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2016.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.70034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521291113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396\u2010021\u201001069\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2022.106259"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15644"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010023\u201001845\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"Oksanen J. F. G.Blanchet M.Friendly et\u00a0al.2025. \u201cVegan: Ecological Diversity Package.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15643"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00048771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396\u2010018\u20100313\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529\u2010007\u20109345\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138801"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010021\u201002031\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.70192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.70113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.12683"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010294X.2012.05542.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13428"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.13604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142622"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.13710"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","unstructured":"Wood S.2025. \u201cMgcv: Mixed GAM Computation Vehicle With Automatic Smoothness Estimation.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=mgcv."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c01286"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010294X.2011.05362.x"}],"container-title":["Molecular Ecology Resources"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1755-0998.70121","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1755-0998.70121","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1755-0998.70121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:07:17Z","timestamp":1777882037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1755-0998.70121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1755-0998.70121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.70121","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-098X","1755-0998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-098X","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-0998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70121"}}