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To improve our capacity to respond to real\u2010time emergent VBD threats, this study undertook cross\u2010sectional sampling of suspected mosquito breeding sites in Greater Accra and Western Region, Ghana, to assess the operational feasibility of environmental DNA (eDNA) detection of major malaria vector species. eDNA deposited by wild, immature\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s.l., isolated from a 50\u2009mL water sample, was detectable using both end\u2010point PCR and qPCR, achieving high levels of sensitivity (76.28%) and specificity (100%). Furthermore, we recovered PCR amplicons covering eight known insecticide resistance mutations from eDNA collected in natural breeding sites. This study represents the first proof\u2010of\u2010concept demonstrating that eDNA can be used for the simultaneous identification of\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                    vectors and circulating insecticide resistance alleles directly from aquatic habitats in the community, including the first report of the mutation\n                    <jats:italic>gste2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010F120L in Ghana. Our eDNA sampling methodology was designed for citizen scientists as end\u2010point users. We recommend fixed, single\u2010use\u00a0filters for sampling 50\u2009mL of water as a highly feasible, sensitive and specific, community\u2010led mosquito vector surveillance tool, which requires minimal training or technical infrastructure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.70154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T10:18:55Z","timestamp":1785233935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Operationalising Environmental DNA (eDNA) Detection of Major Malaria Vector Species in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0363-8558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojca","family":"Kristan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London 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