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These states differ in persistence and degradation, strongly influencing the interpretation of eDNA data. Despite this, they have rarely been separated and analyzed independently from environmental samples. We developed a state\u2010sorting workflow to isolate and analyze them, applying it to samples from 221 sites from 58 streams across eight lake watersheds with COI and ITS metabarcoding, targeting metazoans and plants, respectively, to reveal differences in biodiversity content and transport dynamics. Our results show that all three states contain both shared and unique taxonomic diversity of metazoan eDNA. However, the plant eDNA was only detected in the membrane\u2010bound state. For metazoans, membrane\u2010bound eDNA contained 87.8% of observed ASVs, far exceeding the adsorbed (37.2%) and dissolved (20.5%) states. Only membrane\u2010bound eDNA showed evidence of downstream transport, but its extent varied among watersheds due to local hydrology. While upstream eDNA was transported to stream\u2013lake confluences, lake surface samples showed a turnover in community composition. Clarifying the fate of membrane\u2010bound eDNA within lakes will enhance catchment\u2010level detection from lake samples and understanding of lake hydrodynamics. Of the environmental parameters assessed, water temperature was most strongly aligned with changes in community composition between sites. Most previous studies have likely captured the majority of the eDNA diversity within their samples by inadvertently targeting the membrane\u2010bound state. This study demonstrates the utility of eDNA state\u2010sorting, but the methods require further refinement. Analyzing states independently improves the interpretation of eDNA data and elucidates the processes governing eDNA fate and transport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.70207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:21:26Z","timestamp":1790616086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct Environmental\n                    <scp>DNA<\/scp>\n                    States Reveal Biodiversity and Transport Patterns Across Alpine Watersheds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8898-4275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anish","family":"Kirtane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3178-2589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"van der Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4886-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zora","family":"Doppmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristy","family":"Deiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.13337"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baz155\/5722079"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592\u2010015\u20100775\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"Baselga A. 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