{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T10:50:34Z","timestamp":1786791034648,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]],"date-time":"2016-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"THERABEL GiEnne Pharma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovascular Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the effects of canrenone as add\u2010on therapy in patients already treated with angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I) or angiotensin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> receptor blockers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARB<\/jats:styled-content>s) and hydrochlorothiazide at the maximum dosage (25\u00a0mg\/d).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this randomized, open\u2010label, controlled trial, we enrolled 175 Caucasian patients with essential hypertension not well controlled by concomitant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARB<\/jats:styled-content>s and hydrochlorothiazide. At baseline, 87 patients (57 males and 30 females) were randomized to add canrenone 50\u00a0mg, and 88 (56 males and 32 females) patients to canrenone 100\u00a0mg, once a day, for 3\u00a0months. At baseline and after 3\u00a0months, we evaluated blood pressure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>), pulse pressure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content>), heart rate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>), fasting plasma glucose (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FPG<\/jats:styled-content>), homeostasis model assessment insulin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HOMA<\/jats:styled-content> Index), lipid profile, electrolytes, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">eGFR<\/jats:styled-content>), plasma urea, aldosterone, B\u2010type natriuretic peptide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNP<\/jats:styled-content>), and galectin\u20103.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood pressure decreased with both dosages of canrenone, with a better effect with canrenone 100\u00a0mg (\u221220.26 vs \u221223.68\u00a0mm\u00a0Hg for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content>, and \u221210.58 vs \u221212.38\u00a0mm\u00a0Hg for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DBP<\/jats:styled-content>), without a clinically relevant increase in potassium levels. We did not observe any differences regarding <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FPG<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HOMA<\/jats:styled-content> Index, nor of lipid profile, with the exception of triglycerides, which increased compared to baseline with canrenone 50\u00a0mg (+0.25 vs +0.34\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mE<\/jats:styled-content>q\/L). Creatinine slightly increased with canrenone 100\u00a0mg (+0.02 vs +0.05\u00a0mg\/dL), although no variations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">eGFR<\/jats:styled-content> were observed in neither groups. There was an increase in aldosterone levels with canrenone 50\u00a0mg. No changes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNP<\/jats:styled-content> or galectin\u20103 were recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both canrenone dosages gave a decrease in blood pressure, with a better effect with the higher dose, with only a slight increase in potassium and creatinine levels, which were not clinically relevant. <jats:italic>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:italic> Eudract number: 2010\u2010023606\u201013; ClinicalTrials.gov <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NCT<\/jats:styled-content>02687178.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T16:08:30Z","timestamp":1479312510000},"page":"47-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Efficacy and safety of two dosages of canrenone as add\u2010on therapy in hypertensive patients taking ace\u2010inhibitors or angiotensin <scp>II<\/scp> receptor blockers and hydrochlorothiazide at maximum dosage in a randomized clinical trial: The <scp>ESCAPE<\/scp>\u2010<scp>IT<\/scp> trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Derosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics University of Pavia  Pavia Italy"},{"name":"Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Unit Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo  Pavia Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Prevention, Surveillance, Diagnosis and Treatment of Rare Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Maffioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics University of Pavia  Pavia Italy"},{"name":"Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Unit Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo  Pavia Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Prevention, Surveillance, Diagnosis and Treatment of Rare Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"D'Avino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for the treatment of Arterial Hypertension Ospedale Cardarelli  Napoli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases Fondazione Policlinico Milano  Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amedeo","family":"Mugellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics University of Pavia  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Vulpis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension Department of Internal Medicine Policlinico di Bari  Bari 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