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They are involved actively in an array of cellular processes, including protective effects on the cardiovascular system in response to various stimuli. Increasing evidence shows that pharmacologic interventions that induce expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSP<\/jats:styled-content>s may be a novel approach for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, agents that induce expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSP<\/jats:styled-content>s used previously are toxic or have harmful side effects, which limit their clinical application. Geranylgeranylacetone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GGA<\/jats:styled-content>) is not only a widely used antiulcer agent in Asia, but also a nontoxic inducer of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSP<\/jats:styled-content>s expression. It increases the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSP<\/jats:styled-content>s rapidly in the presence of ischemia, anoxia, oxidative stress, and toxicants, thereby having significant protective effects. The cardioprotective effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GGA<\/jats:styled-content> have been corroborated by experiments in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, several derivatives of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GGA<\/jats:styled-content> have been synthesized that have improved pharmaco\u2010chemical and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSP<\/jats:styled-content>s\u2010boosting properties. In this review, the current knowledge and potential cardioprotective mechanisms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GGA<\/jats:styled-content> are summarized comprehensively. We discuss the protective effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GGA<\/jats:styled-content> in cardiovascular diseases and myocardial injury induced by physical or chemical injury. Currently available information suggests that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GGA<\/jats:styled-content> could be employed as a novel pharmacologic intervention against cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,15]],"date-time":"2018-04-15T03:03:36Z","timestamp":1523761416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of geranylgeranylacetone upon cardiovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9424-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengqiang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Department of Cardiology Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital  Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third 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