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It is believed that both genetic and environmental factors play a pivotal role in the development of synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>), spondyloarthritis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>) and osteoarthritis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OA<\/jats:styled-content>). In the last two decades, there have been many immunopathologic studies on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> S<\/jats:styled-content>p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OA<\/jats:styled-content>, and the findings revealed different types of arthritis may also present different pathologic patterns. These included higher vascularity and increased infiltration with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>163 macrophages and neutrophils, but relatively low values for lining cell (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LL<\/jats:styled-content>) hyperplasia in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> synovium. However, the increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LL<\/jats:styled-content> hyperplasia, as well as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>1a+ cells and the presence of intracellular citrullinated protein were more prominent in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> than in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> synovitis. Anti\u2010tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1) therapy can significantly reduce synovial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LL<\/jats:styled-content> hyperplasia, vascularity and mononuclear cells infiltration in the majority of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> patients. This may explain why clinically, arthritis patients can get significant improvement after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 blocker treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.12006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,22]],"date-time":"2012-10-22T06:26:24Z","timestamp":1350887184000},"page":"507-511","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Why is biologic therapy useful in spondyloarthritis? 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