{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:52:10Z","timestamp":1786600330508,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>linical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>uidance is aimed to help practitioners assess, diagnose and manage their patients with osteoporosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OP<\/jats:styled-content>), using the best available evidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature search using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>ub<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ed (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>) and The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ochrane <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>ibrary identified all relevant articles on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OP<\/jats:styled-content> and its assessment, diagnosis and treatment, from 2005, to update from the previous edition published in 2006. The studies were assessed and the level of evidence assigned; for each statement, studies with the highest level of evidence were used to frame the recommendation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article summarizes the diagnostic and treatment pathways for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OP<\/jats:styled-content>, highlighting the new data that have changed the way we assess and treat <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OP<\/jats:styled-content>. Instead of starting treatment based on bone mineral density alone, there has been a move to assessing 10\u2010year fracture risk before treatment, using tools such as the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>racture <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>isk <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ssessment <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>ool (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FRAX<\/jats:styled-content>). There has been a re\u2010evaluation on calcium supplementation and more emphasis on the importance of vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>. There has been concern about the potential adverse effects of the long\u2010term usage of bisphosphonates, which we have discussed fully. New drugs that have been licensed since 2006 in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>alaysia have been included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adequate intake of calcium (1000\u00a0mg from both diet and supplements) and vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> (800 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IU<\/jats:styled-content>) daily remain important in the treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OP<\/jats:styled-content>. However, in confirmed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OP<\/jats:styled-content>, pharmacological therapy with anti\u2010resorptives is the mainstay of treatment. 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