{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T12:25:02Z","timestamp":1768911902048,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,8]],"date-time":"2013-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ocular lesions of Behcet's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>) need aggressive treatment to prevent severe loss of vision or blindness. Cytotoxic drugs are the main therapeutic agents and the first line treatment. Retinal vasculitis is the most aggressive lesion of ocular manifestations and predicts a worse systemic outcome. We present here the outcome with a combination of pulse cyclophosphamide, azathioprine and prednisolone, on long\u2010term usage, up to 10\u00a0years, on 295 patients (18\u00a0493 eye\u2010months of follow\u2010up).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cyclophosphamide was used as a 1\u2010g monthly pulse for 6\u00a0months and then every 2\u20133\u00a0months as necessary. Azathioprine was used at 2\u20133\u00a0mg\/kg daily. Prednisolone was initiated at 0.5\u00a0mg\/kg daily. Upon the suppression of the inflammatory reaction, prednisolone was tapered gradually. Patients fulfilled the International Criteria Behcet's Disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICBD<\/jats:styled-content>) and had active posterior uveitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PU<\/jats:styled-content>) and\/or retinal vasculitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RV<\/jats:styled-content>). Visual acuity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PU<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> RV<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TADAI<\/jats:styled-content> (Total Adjusted Disease Activity Index) were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall results: mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content> improved from 3.5 to 4.3 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), 44% of eyes improved (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a040\u201350). Mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PU<\/jats:styled-content> improved from 2.1 to 0.8 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), 73% of eyes improved (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a069\u201378). Mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RV<\/jats:styled-content> improved from 3.0 to 1.4 <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), 70% of eyes improved (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a065\u201374). Mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TADAI<\/jats:styled-content> improved from 29 to 18 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), 72% of patients improved (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a066\u201377). The details of the longitudinal studies are given in the main article.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>All parameters significantly improved. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content> improvement was the least, mainly due to cataracts. This combination is the best treatment choice for retinal vasculitis before opting for biologic agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.12248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]],"date-time":"2013-12-09T04:42:40Z","timestamp":1386564160000},"page":"444-452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Combination of pulse cyclophosphamide and azathioprine in ocular manifestations of Behcet's disease: longitudinal study of up to 10\u00a0years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fereydoun","family":"Davatchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahar","family":"Sadeghi Abdollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hormoz","family":"Shams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Shahram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdolhadi","family":"Nadji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheyda","family":"Chams\u2010Davatchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tahereh","family":"Faezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massoomeh","family":"Akhlaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Ghodsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farimah","family":"Ashofteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Mohtasham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behcet's Disease Unit Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"298","volume-title":"Textbook of Clinical Rheumatology","author":"Davatchi F","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Rheumatology Principles and Practice","author":"Davatchi F","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"404","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of the ocular manifestations of Behcet's disease","volume":"11","author":"Davatchi F","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08830189709116844"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2007.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48382-3_99"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8077.2005.00139.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1970.00990040448008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"314","article-title":"Behcet's disease and immunosuppressive treatment. 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