{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:23:19Z","timestamp":1792786999944,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]],"date-time":"2014-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of education and science of Russia","award":["2054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2054"]}]},{"name":"The Ministry of education and science of Russia","award":["14.124.13.1159-MD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14.124.13.1159-MD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rheumatoid factor (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is known to be heterogeneous, and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s detected by various methods exhibit different characteristics. In addition to interacting with the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG), certain\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s are able to recognize idiotypes of antibodies. Given the important role of idiotypic interactions in regulating autoimmunity, we hypothesize that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      is involved in regulation of lymphocyte activity against autoimmune disease\u2010inducing antigens via idiotype\u2013anti\u2010idiotype interactions with these lymphocytes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      level and the existence of idiotype\u2013anti\u2010idiotype interactions between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and antibodies to autoimmunity\u2010inducing antigens were studied in rats resistant and sensitive to collagen\u2010induced arthritis, encephalomyelitis and atherosclerosis.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was assayed by agglutination of tanned IgG\u2010loaded erythrocytes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rat resistance to autoimmune disease is associated with high\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      production during the initiation of the immune response, and a low\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      level during this period may be a preclinical marker of experimental autoimmune disease manifestation.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010containing sera compete with an antigen if the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010containing sera were obtained from rats immunized with that antigen, and they non\u2010specifically inhibit binding of different antigen\u2010antibody pairs. This suggests that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s are anti\u2010idiotypic antibodies that carry two kinds of paratopes: a particular paratope that recognizes the antigen\u2010binding sites of antibodies, and a shared paratope that serves to recognize the recurrent idiotype on antibodies. Antigenic epitopes for the shared\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      paratope can be created in the hinge region of Fc fragments of homologous IgG.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      detected by agglutination of tanned IgG\u2010loaded erythrocytes is involved in negative idiotypic regulation of lymphocytes specific to autoimmunity\u2010inducing antigens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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