{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:03:15Z","timestamp":1786374195569,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]],"date-time":"2014-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Herein we summarize the clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of neuro\u2010ophthalmologic manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content>). We performed a systematic review of the neuro\u2010ophthalmologic manifestations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> reported in the English literature from 1970 to 2010 by a Medline search. The prevalence of neuro\u2010ophthalmologic manifestations is 3.6% in adult and 1.6% in childhood <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> patients. Neuro\u2010ophthalmologic manifestations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> are highly variable, with the commonest presentation being optic neuritis, followed by myasthenia gravis, visual field defects and pseudotumor cerebri. The underlying pathology was thought to be either <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> activity or its vascular complications. Most neuro\u2010ophthalmologic manifestations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> are responsive to high\u2010dose glucocorticoids. Anticoagulation is indicated when there is concomitant antiphospholipid syndrome. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010related neuromyelitis optica is often refractory to treatment and 92% of patients require multiple immunosuppressive protocols. Neuro\u2010ophthalmologic manifestations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> are uncommon but heterogeneous. The prognosis of neuro\u2010ophthalmologic manifestations in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> is generally good because of their rapid response to glucocorticoids. Relapses of these manifestations may be reduced by the use of maintenance immunosuppression. Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab can be considered in glucocorticoid\u2010dependent or refractory cases. Anticoagulation is indicated when there is concomitant antiphospholipid syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.12337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]],"date-time":"2014-03-28T07:30:22Z","timestamp":1395991822000},"page":"494-501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Neuro\u2010ophthalmologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bik Ling","family":"Man","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Tuen Mun Hospital Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Chiu","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Tuen Mun Hospital Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yat Pang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Tuen Mun Hospital Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780251101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1536","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in pediatric onset systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"29","author":"Sibbitt WL","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540360023011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306070990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations in Asian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"39","author":"Yap EY","year":"1998","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.3.496"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"964","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in children","volume":"24","author":"Al\u2010Mayouf SM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"1776","article-title":"Cognitive function in a systemic lupus erythematosus inception cohort","volume":"35","author":"Petri M","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2007.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"1873","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric manifestations in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus and association with antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"33","author":"Harel L","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197607000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.8.1214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050160120026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200109000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.4.470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181a8be1d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.9.1142"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Immunoablative cyclophosphamide for refractory lupus\u2010related neuromyelitis optica","volume":"35","author":"Mok CC","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-009-1232-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"102","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus with optical neuromyelitis (Devic's syndrome). 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