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This study evaluates serum levels of the chemokines <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>8, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>9, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>10 in 16 patients with primary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OA<\/jats:styled-content> of the knees, and investigates how treatment with hydroxychloroquine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCQ<\/jats:styled-content>) for 4\u00a0months affects these chemokine levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen elderly patients received a placebo. Healthy control groups consisted of 10 elderly individuals (age &gt;\u00a060\u00a0years) with no clinical or radiological evidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OA<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010O), and 10 young adult individuals, (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Y group, age &lt;\u00a040\u00a0years).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Y group presented lower levels of all chemokines studied, in comparison to the other groups. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCQ<\/jats:styled-content> treatment did not alter the serum levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>2 (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.80), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>8 (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.76), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>9 (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.95) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>10 (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.74) in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OA<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hydroxychloroquine treatment did not alter the serum levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>8, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>9 or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>10 in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OA<\/jats:styled-content> of the knees, although 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