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When the patients were divided into two groups according to the plasma activity of arginase, which is implicated in the immune\u2010suppressive function of myeloid\u2010derived suppressor cells, the substantial increase in the cytokine production <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> was only detected in the group in which the arginase activity was decreased after the treatment with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFX<\/jats:styled-content>. In fact, although the <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> production of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201021 increased along with the other cytokines, the plasma concentration of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201021 decreased significantly after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFX<\/jats:styled-content> treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is important to exercise caution in interpreting <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> cytokine production data, in that they can be negatively influenced by the immune\u2010suppressive mechanisms that prevent excessive inflammation. Thus, to analyze the T\u2010cell response accurately, T\u2010cell markers that are detectable in the serum or plasma need to be discovered. The concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017 were all below detection limits, but that of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201021 was detectable in the plasma and inversely correlated with the production of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201021 <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>. This may indicate the involvement of Th17 response in the pathogenesis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.12864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]],"date-time":"2016-05-12T11:16:04Z","timestamp":1463051764000},"page":"1907-1914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Changes in the pattern of cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab and their relation to plasma arginase activity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Fumihiko","family":"Miyoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology Faculty of Medicine Saitama Medical University Saitama 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