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Smoking can contribute to more severe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>; secretion of pro\u2010inflammatory mediators destroys the soft synovial membrane and periodontium, respectively. Anti\u2010citrullinated protein antibodies and anti\u2010\u03b1\u2010enolase antibody are characteristic of these two diseases. Some studies suggest that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> may be associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>. Anti<jats:italic>\u2010Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>) antibody, but no <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> bacterium can be detected in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> patients\u2019 joint fluid. Anti<jats:italic>\u2010P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> antibody has been seen as a biomarker of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>. Both diseases share some nosogenesis and common pathological pathways. However, there are differing views on the connection between the two diseases. Interferon\u2010inducible\u201016 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFI<\/jats:styled-content>16) is a genic marker of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>; moreover, the association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFI<\/jats:styled-content>16 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> is rare. Some studies suggest <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> is related to periodontal parameters and patient's pathological status rather than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>. Disease frequency in men and women differ between these two diseases. The expression of interleukin\u201017 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017) receptor only associates with different genders in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> of different sexes have different <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017 expressions). Periodontal local treatment only affects clinical periodontal status, and it does not alter circulating levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha or C\u2010reactive protein which are associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>. This review examines the similarities and differences between these two diseases and explores possible interactions. Importantly, we will discuss whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> is a feature of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> and whether this knowledge provides helpful information in future treatment of both diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.13240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T00:38:07Z","timestamp":1515631087000},"page":"1887-1901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease: What are the similarities and differences?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Rongbin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Integrative Research The First Hospital of Qiqihaer City Qiqihaer Heilongjiang China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery and BME\u2010Campbell Clinic University of Tennessee Health 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