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Test compounds and controls ibuprofen (50\u00a0\u03bcmol\/L) and CAY10404 (1\u00a0\u03bcmol\/L; 10\u00a0\u03bcmol\/L) were added to two sets of plates, one without lipopolyshaccharide (LPS) and the other with LPS (1\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) for 24\u00a0hour. COX\u20102IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>:COX\u20101IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>ratio represented 50% inhibition of the activity of COX\u20102 to that of COX\u20101 using ibuprofen as control. In separate experiments the supernatant of P8 and P9\u2010treated fractions of SBL and controls were plated with RAW 264.7 macrophage cells to measure prostaglandin (PG)\u2010E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>production and cell proliferation activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>JA fraction of SBL had the highest ratio of COX\u20102IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>:COX\u20101IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>41.214<\/jats:sup>whereas JE had the lowest ratio COX\u20102IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>:COX\u20101IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>1.161<\/jats:sup>. Interestingly, JE5 derived from JE showed a ratio of COX\u20102IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>:COX\u20101IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>0.495<\/jats:sup>while P8 derived from JE5 showed a dose\u2010dependent reduction in COX\u20102IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>:COX\u20101IC5<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>ratio and in PG\u2010E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>production, which was more effective compared to ibuprofen. A dose\u2010dependent reduction in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell proliferation was also observed in P8\u2010treated cells. The phenolic compounds identified in P8 include apigenin and apigeninidin adducts which may explain the exceptional anti\u2010inflammatory activity and efficacy in COX\u20102 targeting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.13355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T23:07:40Z","timestamp":1535584060000},"page":"1487-1495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Apigenin and apigeninidin isolates from the<i>Sorghum bicolor<\/i>leaf targets inflammation via cyclo\u2010oxygenase\u20102 and prostaglandin\u2010E<sub>2<\/sub>blockade"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7738-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira B. 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