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The strength of available evidence was graded using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Recommendations were developed through consensus using the Delphi technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen axial SpA treatment recommendations were developed based on evidence summaries and consensus. The first 2 recommendations cover non\u2010pharmacological approaches to management. Recommendations 3 to 5 describe the following: the use of non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs as first\u2010line symptomatic treatment; the avoidance of long\u2010term corticosteroid use; and the utility of conventional synthetic disease\u2010modifying anti\u2010rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) for peripheral or extra\u2010articular manifestations. Recommendation 6 refers to the indications for biological DMARDs (bDMARDs). Recommendation 7 deals specifically with screening for infections endemic to Asia, prior to use of bDMARDs. Recommendations 7 to 13 cover the role of bDMARDs in the treatment of active axial SpA and include related issues such as continuing therapy and use in special populations. Recommendation 14 deals with the utility of surgical intervention in axial SpA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These recommendations provide up\u2010to\u2010date guidance for treatment of axial SpA to help meet the needs of patients and clinicians in the Asia\u2010Pacific region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.13510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T06:59:16Z","timestamp":1551337156000},"page":"340-356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["2018 APLAR axial spondyloarthritis treatment recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Lai Shan","family":"Tam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of 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