{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T03:20:04Z","timestamp":1787973604041,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>An elevated serum uric acid level is associated with various diseases, such as gout, hypertension, renal impairment, and diabetes. Heavy metals, including lead and cadmium, are suspected to increase serum uric acid levels, but evidence regarding this is not sufficient, particularly in the Asian population. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between lead, cadmium and mercury exposure and hyperuricemia in the Korean general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 2682 participants (1124 men and 1528 women) aged \u226519\u00a0years from The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sex\u2010 and hyperuricemic state\u2010stratified general characteristics of study participants were compared using the Chi\u2010square test, Student's <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test, and Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> test for categorical, continuous, and non\u2010normally distributed continuous variables, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between blood lead and cadmium levels and hyperuricemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects with hyperuricemia had higher blood lead and cadmium levels than those without hyperuricemia. Lead and cadmium exposure had a positive association with serum uric acid levels in a dose\u2013response manner in the nationally representative Korean population. In logistic analysis, blood cadmium levels had a positive association with increasing risk for hyperuricemia only in men, and this association was more evident in cotinine\u2010verified non\u2010smokers. Although an incremental trend of hyperuricemia in relation to lead exposure was observed, it was not statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Further studies are necessary to clarify the observed association, and public health strategies to reduce heavy metal exposure may be necessary for decreasing the potential harmful effects of hyperuricemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.13632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T10:01:23Z","timestamp":1560938483000},"page":"1435-1444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Associations between blood lead, cadmium, and mercury levels with hyperuricemia in the Korean general population: A retrospective analysis of population\u2010based nationally representative data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wonkil","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine Busan Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunkyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine Busan Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoseob","family":"Lihm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine Busan Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2263-9054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine Busan Korea"},{"name":"Central Institute for Medical Research Kosin University Gospel Hospital Busan Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000069700.62727.C5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.08.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01880655"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1378502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2017.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2006.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.12.021"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"677","article-title":"Serum uric acid and hypertension: the Olivetti heart study","volume":"8","author":"Jossa F","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-302535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.18.2404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(89)90124-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. 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