{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:29:45Z","timestamp":1776133785960,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The causalities between the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) and the risk of rheumatic diseases remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal effect of COVID\u201019 on rheumatic disease occurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), acquired from published genome\u2010wide association studies, were used to perform 2\u2010sample Mendelian randomization (MR) on cases diagnosed with COVID\u201019 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a013\u2009464), rheumatic diseases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0444\u2009199), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015\u2009872), gout (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a069\u00a0\u2009374), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03094), ankylosing spondylitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a075\u2009130), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a011\u2009375) and primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a095\u2009046). Three MR methods were used in the analysis based on different heterogeneity and pleiotropy using the Bonferroni correction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results revealed a causality between COVID\u201019 and rheumatic diseases with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.010 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006\u20131.013; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.014). In addition, we observed that COVID\u201019 was causally associated with an increased risk of JIA (OR 1.517; 95%CI, 1.144\u20132.011; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.004), PBC (OR 1.370; 95%CI, 1.149\u20131.635; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.005), but a decreased risk of SLE (OR 0.732; 95%CI, 0.590\u20130.908; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.004). Using MR, 8 SNPs were identified to associate with COVID\u201019 and recognized as significant variables. None of them were previously reported in any other diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to use MR to explore the impact of COVID\u201019 on rheumatic diseases. From a genetic perspective, we found that COVID\u201019 could increase the risk of rheumatic diseases, such as PBC and JIA, but decrease that of SLE, thereby suggesting a potential surge in the disease burden of PBC and JIA following the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.14624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:14:31Z","timestamp":1678320871000},"page":"710-717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Genetic predisposition between coronavirus disease 2019 and rheumatic diseases: A 2\u2010sample Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liuliu","family":"Quan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangshan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College and National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College and National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology &amp; Clinical Immunology Ministry of Education  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC\u2013DID)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26491"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25884"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14405"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab615"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173985"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25735"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05230-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2021.105228"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25612"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24768"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05830-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14364"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00364"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1346"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17219"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.08.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3788"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw197"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw127"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03065-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14177"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa070"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","first-page":"2588","article-title":"Increase in the number of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome cases in Brazil in the COVID\u201019 era","volume":"28","author":"Martelli J\u00fanior H","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkaa067"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis\u2010primary biliary cholangitis overlap syndrome triggered by COVID\u201019","volume":"8","author":"Singh B","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Case Rep Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.645013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117607"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14279"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14238"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-164014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10072-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03851-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2010.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.120661"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","first-page":"390","article-title":"International league of associations for rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001","volume":"31","author":"Petty RE","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2021.107590"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3303"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2020.100682"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1906637"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101896"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00571-1"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","article-title":"A flare of systemic lupus erythematosus disease after COVID\u201019 infection: a case of lupus cerebritis","volume":"13","author":"Khalid MZ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2020.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02812-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12805"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14462"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2614"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1756-185X.14624","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1756-185X.14624","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1756-185X.14624","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T10:50:43Z","timestamp":1754995843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1756-185X.14624"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1756-185X.14624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1756-185x.14624","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-1841","1756-185X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-1841","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-185X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}