{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:42:25Z","timestamp":1787013745383,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) has been proposed as triggering autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and clinical significance of autoantibodies in patients with COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively collected data from 245 patients who were hospitalized for COVID\u201019. All patients were tested for the presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti\u2010citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA), and anti\u2010cytoplasmic neutrophil antibody (ANCA). Risk factors for death and critical COVID\u201019, defined as the need for invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety (36.7%) patients tested positive for ANA, and 51 (20.8%) patients tested positive for RF. Three patients each (1.2%) tested positive for ACPA and ANCA. RF\u2010positive patients had higher rates of invasive mechanical ventilation and death than RF\u2010negative patients (70.6% vs 28.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and 45.1% vs 18.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively). Underlying lung disease, kidney disease, heart disease, quick COVID severity index (qCSI), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were associated with in\u2010hospital death. RF (odds ratio [OR] 7.31, 95% CI 2.50\u201321.37,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), qCSI (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19\u20131.69,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and LDH (OR 1.004, 95% CI 1.002\u20131.005,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were associated with critical COVID\u201019. Combination of RF, qCSI, and LDH showed good prognostic value (area under the curve\u00a0=\u00a00.903,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) for critical COVID\u201019.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ANA and RF were frequently detected in COVID\u201019 patients. RF could be a risk factor for critical COVID\u201019. The results of this study suggest immune dysfunction contributes to the complications of COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.14647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T01:53:57Z","timestamp":1679882037000},"page":"850-861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rheumatoid factor is associated with severe\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6227-681X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyemin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Soonchunhyang University Hospital  Bucheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ae Rin","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital  Bucheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital  Bucheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tark","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital  Bucheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Ju","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital  Bucheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2430-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan Hong","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Soonchunhyang University Hospital  Bucheon South 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