{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T12:29:01Z","timestamp":1753360141922,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many markers are used for clinical diagnosis in rheumatic diseases; rheumatoid factor (RF) is the most frequently used marker. However, RF is not specific to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RF positivity is widely observed in patients with advanced age, infectious, autoimmune, and lymphoproliferative diseases. In this context, the objective of this study is to investigate the demographic characteristics, frequency of antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti\u2010cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti\u2010CCP) positivity, hemogram parameters and distribution of the diagnoses in RF\u2010positive patients followed at the rheumatology clinic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The population of this retrospective study consisted of patients above 18\u2009years of age who were referred to have RF positivity by nephelometric method at Kahramanmara\u015f Necip Faz\u0131l City Hospital Rheumatology Clinic between January 2020 and June 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean age of the 230 patients with a positive RF test result, 155 (76%) male and 55 (24%) female, was 52.7\u2009\u00b1\u200915.5\u2009years. There were 81 (35.2%), 54 (23.5%), 73 (31.7%) and 22 (9.6%) patients with RF levels between 20 and 50\u2009IU\/mL, 50 and 100\u2009IU\/mL, 100 and 500\u2009IU\/mL, and above 500\u2009IU\/mL, respectively. There was no significant difference detected between the groups that were created based on the RF titers regarding demographic characteristics (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The rate of being diagnosed with any rheumatic disease was significantly lower in the group with RF levels between 20 and 50\u2009IU\/mL compared to other groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). The distribution of rheumatic and non\u2010rheumatic disease diagnoses according to RF levels did not reveal any significant difference between the groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.369 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.147, respectively). RA was the most common (62.2%) rheumatic disease diagnosis among the patients included in the study. The leukocyte count was significantly higher in the group with RF levels above 500\u2009IU\/mL compared to the group with RF levels between 20 and 50\u2009IU\/mL (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024). There was no significant difference between the groups in other laboratory results, that is, hemogram, sedimentation, C\u2010reactive protein, platelet, and lymphocyte\/monocyte ratio (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study findings indicate that RF positivity can be seen in the context of different rheumatological diseases; hence RF levels alone may not predict rheumatological disease. There was also no significant relationship between RF levels and ANA and anti\u2010CCP positivity. The most common diagnosis in patients presenting with elevated RF levels was RA. 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