{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T19:29:49Z","timestamp":1786562989450,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intravesical bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) immunotherapy is recommended for non\u2010muscle\u2010invasive bladder cancer after transurethral resection. BCG\u2010associated musculoskeletal adverse events are rare. We report two cases of BCG reactive arthritis that were unusually severe and refractory. These describe two male patients who presented with polyarthritis after BCG exposure. Ultrasonography\u2010guided glucocorticoid injections, high\u2010dose systemic glucocorticoids and the institution of sulfasalazine were required for achievement of remission. Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin reactive arthritis can present as polyarthritis of small and medium joints or as mono\u2010oligoarthritis of asymmetrical ankles and knees, frequently associated with tenosynovitis and enthesitis. The mechanism by which BCG promotes arthralgia and arthritis is poorly understood. The most well\u2010accepted theory is that the BCG antigens migrate to different peripheral tissues, including the joints. There is also a lack of knowledge regarding risk factors, with possible genetic factors playing a role. As the two presented cases show, BCG\u2010induced reactive arthritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of arthritis and refractory tenosynovitis in BCG\u2010exposed patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.14862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T06:14:50Z","timestamp":1691993690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reactive arthritis as a rare complication of intravesical bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin treatment: Report of two cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8312-4532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Bandeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Reumatologia Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Centro Acad\u00e9mico de Medicina de Lisboa (CAML)  Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de 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