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This leads to low bone mass and increased bone fragility putting the patient at risk for fracture. While this view still holds, a better understanding disclosed that OP can occur at any age, as a comorbidity or a complication of many diseases and treatments. Differentiation, maturation, and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts are affected by many factors from different morbidities: endocrine, metabolic, mechanical and inflammatory. Inflammatory diseases are often complicated by a generalized bone loss that subsequently leads to OP. Factors such as glucocorticoid treatment, immobilization, malnutrition, and insufficient intake of vitamin D play a role. However, the inflammatory process itself is involved and the resulting bone loss is termed immune\u2010mediated bone loss. Experiments on animals and on humans, in addition to clinical studies, shed light on the role of inflammation in OP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.15357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T07:59:10Z","timestamp":1727769550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Osteoporosis and inflammation: Cause to effect or comorbidity?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2622-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majda I.","family":"Khoury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Syrian Association for Rheumatology  Damascus Syrian Arab Republic"},{"name":"Syrian Board of Rheumatology  Damascus Syrian Arab Republic"},{"name":"SYNOS (Syrian National Osteoporosis Society)  Damascus Syrian Arab Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08827-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/954530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Khan IA","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126553"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2015.30.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302010000200007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121636"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804182-6.00016-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.511799"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00353.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/ijr.10.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2023J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/782382"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-009-9046-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-003-0125-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2014-000014"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Saidenberg KN","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.7.7789332"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21537"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-2-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S397837"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005780"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26502\/fjwhd.2644-28840050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.7.617"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1192-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200307000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.613720"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.83401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33390"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-002-8274-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0576-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200003)43:3<522::AID-ANR7>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"2582","article-title":"A multicenter cross sectional study on bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis. 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