{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:44:12Z","timestamp":1791805452174,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several countries have participated in WHO COPCORD. The Global Disease Burden program (GBD) reports selected MSK disorders. We used a COPCORD India protocol to estimate the national burden of MSK disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trained paramedics used standard questionnaires to screen the population and identify respondents with current and\/or past MSK pain (non\u2010traumatic) in 12 survey sites (8 rural); cross\u2010sectional design and prospective data. Several standard measures were recorded; MSK pain was self\u2010reported (on human manikin). The site rheumatologist examined each respondent and provided a clinical diagnosis. Pooled data (anonymized) from all sites was analyzed using standard statistical software. Standardized point prevalence rates (adjusted to Indian Census) and odds ratios (risk factors) were calculated: 95% confidence intervals in parentheses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>56\u2009548 population (60% rural, response rate\u2009&gt;\u200970%) was screened; 10\u2009273 respondents (18%, 65% women). The prevalence of MSK pain was 16.14 (14.2, 18.3) and higher in the rural population (20% vs. 10.3%); rheumatoid arthritis 0.34%, undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis 0.22%, spondyloarthritis 0.23%, osteoarthritis 4.39%, Gout 0.05%, chikungunya arthritis 1.2%. Non\u2010specific arthralgias, soft tissue pains, and degenerative arthritis were dominant disorders; 12% of respondents reported inflammatory arthritis. Significant risk factors associated with MSK pain included female gender, poor literacy, non\u2010vegetarian diet, chronic non\u2010MSK illness, past trauma, and tobacco use. Limitations included non\u2010random selection, clinical diagnosis, and limited investigations. However, in comparison to GBD, the COPCORD outcome seemed all\u2010inclusive and clinically meaningful.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high prevalence of MSK pain and arthritis indicates a huge disease burden in India and prioritizes the need for a national control program.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.70163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T22:34:35Z","timestamp":1741732475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Burden of Musculoskeletal (<scp>MSK<\/scp>) Pain and Arthritis in India: A Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases (<scp>COPCORD<\/scp>\u2014Bone and Joint Decade (<scp>BJD<\/scp>)) India Project"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4347-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvind","family":"Chopra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rheumatic Diseases  Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2061-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish Jacob","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College  Vellore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohini","family":"Handa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghorpade Ravi","family":"Parshuram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rheumatic Diseases  Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarmukaddam","family":"Sanjeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rheumatic Diseases  Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaijayanti","family":"Lagu\u2010Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rheumatic Diseases  Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyakat","family":"Gauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SP Medical College  Bikaner India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahim","family":"Asma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calicut Medical College  Calicut India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binoy","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calicut Medical College  Calicut India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Datta","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advance Rheumatology Clinic  Hyderabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarvajeet","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advance Rheumatology Clinic  Hyderabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaturvedi","family":"Sarika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D Y Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre  Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thakuria","family":"Bhaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guwahati Medical College and Hospital  Guwahati India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annil","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Medical College  Jammu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3242-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Institute of Medical Sciences  Imphal Manipur India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2956-9703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alakendu","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research  Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumar","family":"Tapas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research  Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. P.","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Medical College  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2649-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuradha","family":"Venugopalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rheumatic Diseases  Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjit","family":"Saluja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rheumatic Diseases  Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Mahendranath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Clinic  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062183"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"The Origins, Evolution, and Future of COPCORD","volume":"1","author":"Muirden K. D.","year":"1997","journal-title":"APLAR Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32804-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","unstructured":"accessed January 21 2025 https:\/\/www.copcord.org\/tools.asp."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","first-page":"240","article-title":"Prevalence of Rheumatic Diseases in a Rural Population in Western India: A WHO\u2010ILAR COPCORD Study","volume":"49","author":"Chopra A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the Association of Physicians of India"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injr.2012.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","volume-title":"The Burden of Musculoskeletal Conditions at the Start of the New Millennium: Report of a WHO Scientific Group","author":"WHO Scientific Group on the Burden of Musculoskeletal Conditions at the Start of the New Millennium","year":"2003"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","first-page":"629","article-title":"The Bone and Joint Decade 2000\u20132010","volume":"81","author":"Lidgren L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080675"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2011.02792.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","unstructured":"accessed January 21 2025 https:\/\/rheumatology.org\/criteria."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","volume-title":"Report and Tables on Age (Series 1). Census of India 2001","author":"Office of the Registrar General, Government of India","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distribution of Rheumatological Diseases in Rural and Urban Areas: An Adapted COPCORD Stage I Phase III Survey of Lucknow District in North India","author":"Kumar P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","first-page":"348","article-title":"Prevalence of Rheumatic Diseases and Associated Outcomes in Rural and Urban Communities in Bangladesh: A COPCORD Study","volume":"32","author":"Haq S. A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Pain in Malaysia: A COPCORD Survey","volume":"34","author":"Veerapen K.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","first-page":"2252","article-title":"Prevalence of the Rheumatic Diseases in Urban Vietnam: A WHO\u2010ILAR COPCORD Study","volume":"30","author":"Hoa T. T. M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","first-page":"1384","article-title":"WHO\u2010ILAR COPCORD Study (Stage 1, Urban Study) in Iran","volume":"35","author":"Davatchi F.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-009-1234-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Pain, Disability and Health\u2010Seeking Behavior in Adult Kuwaitis Using a Validated Arabic Version of the WHO\u2010ILAR COPCORD Core Questionnaire","volume":"22","author":"Al\u2010Awadhi A. M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2011.01682.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","first-page":"2245","article-title":"Prevalence of Rheumatic Symptoms, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Gout in Shanghai, China: A COPCORD Study","volume":"30","author":"Dai S. M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","first-page":"965","article-title":"Rheumatic Disease in an Australian Aboriginal Community in North Queensland, Australia. A WHO\u2010ILAR COPCORD Survey","volume":"31","author":"Nicola M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Rheumatic Disorders in a Rural Area of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): A COPCORD Study","volume":"5","author":"Divengi\u2010Nzambi J. P.","year":"2017","journal-title":"African Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2022.123667"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3192-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","first-page":"594","article-title":"Prevalence of Rheumatic Diseases in Brazil: A Study Using the COPCORD Approach","volume":"31","author":"\u00c9rika R. S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"86","key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Epidemiology of the Rheumatic Diseases in Mexico. A Study of 5 Regions Based on the COPCORD Methodology","volume":"38","author":"Pel\u00e1ez\u2010Ballestas I.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcreue.2018.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e31819b61cb"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3446-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001131"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3182583803"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2017.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2689-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3194-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","first-page":"2320","article-title":"COPCORD\u2010\u2010An Unrecognized Fountainhead of Community Rheumatology in Developing Countries","volume":"31","author":"Chopra A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","volume-title":"Musculoskeletal Conditions","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0973369820090306"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100955"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23753"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30168"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.85219"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463715569806"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","unstructured":"\u201cEurope MSK Health report (v5) \u201daccessed January 15 2025 https:\/\/www.eumusc.net\/myUploadData\/files\/Musculoskeletal%20Health%20in%20Europe%20Report%20v5.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00232-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(24)00757\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","unstructured":"WHO \u201cGlobal Health Estimates Technical PAPER\/DDI\/DNA\/GHE\/2020.3 \u201daccessed August 12 2024 www.who.int\/gho\/mortalityburdendisease\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket222"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067\u2010006\u20100273\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067\u2010009\u20101133\u2010z"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1756-185X.70163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T12:36:54Z","timestamp":1751546214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1756-185X.70163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1756-185X.70163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1756-185x.70163","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-1841","1756-185X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-1841","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-185X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70163"}}