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A modified formula was employed to determine the comorbidity burdens for the co\u2010occurrence of OA and one of the other 174 diseases. Cluster analysis was performed to identify different patterns in the comorbidity burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Globally, the top three comorbidity burdens for OA in 2021 were from oral disorders, headache disorders, and age\u2010related and other hearing loss (age\u2010standardized comorbidity YLD rates 130.80\/100\u2009000, 124.09\/100\u2009000, and 79.54\/100\u2009000, respectively). From 1990 to 2021, the age\u2010standardized comorbidity YLD rates for diabetes mellitus exhibited the greatest increases, with percentage changes of 108.41%. In high socio\u2010demographic index (SDI) regions, the leading comorbidity burdens for OA were from headache disorders, oral disorders, and low back pain, whereas in low SDI regions, they were oral disorders, dietary iron deficiency, and headache disorders. Six clusters were identified, including oral disorders and headache disorders in the highest comorbidity burden with a mild changing cluster, and diabetes mellitus in the high comorbidity burden with a rapid growth cluster.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The comorbidity burdens of OA have increased and show different patterns. These findings underscore the importance of addressing the comorbidity burdens in conjunction with tackling the OA burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.70548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T06:34:21Z","timestamp":1768890861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Comorbidity Burdens of Osteoarthritis and 174 Diseases, 1990\u20132021: A Modeling Study Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1466-5348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haowei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Exercise and Rehabilitation Science Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University  Guangzhou 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