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Here we investigated the hypothesis that adult blowflies may also play a significant role in botulism outbreaks by carrying\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>.\u2009botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells between carcasses. We carried out a field experiment placing bird carcasses free of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>.\u2009botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    type\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in containers only accessible to necrophagous flying insects in wetlands where avian botulism outbreaks were occurring and in control sites. Additionally, we performed laboratory trials to evaluate if blowflies may carry\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>.\u2009botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    type\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and for how long. Maggots bearing\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>.\u2009botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    type\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    developed in 27.5% of carcasses placed in wetlands during botulism outbreaks.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    alliphoridae flies in laboratory trials were able to transfer\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>.\u2009botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    between two points and excreted it in their spots for up to 24\u2009h after an infective feeding. Our results confirm that adult necrophagous flies play a role in the spreading of botulism outbreaks, which have implications in the epidemiology of this disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,31]],"date-time":"2014-07-31T06:25:07Z","timestamp":1406787907000},"page":"738-743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["New insight in the epidemiology of avian botulism outbreaks: necrophagous flies as vectors of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>C<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    <i>lostridium botulinum<\/i>\n                    type\n                    <scp>C<\/scp>\n                    \/\n                    <scp>D<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ibone","family":"Anza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIC\u2010UCLM\u2010JCCM Instituto de 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